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1
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BULLETIN
SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES
AT ATHENS
THE FIRST TWENTY YEARS OP THE AMERICAN
SCHOOL OP CLASSICAL STUDIES AT
ATHENS
THOMAS D. SEYMOUR, LL.D.
PRINTED AT THE NORWOOD PRESS
NORWOOD, MASS.
1902
AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES
AT ATHENS
•«o*-
MANAGING COMMITTEE
1902-1903
Professor James R. Wheeler (Chairman), Columbia University ^ New York,
K.T.
Professor H. M. Baird, Neio York University, New York, N. Y.
Professor W. N. Bates, University of Pennsylvania^ Philadelphia, Pa,
Professor A. C. Chapin, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass.
Professor Edward B. Clapp, University of California, Berkeley, Cal.
Professor Martin L. D'Ooge, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Professor Edgar A. Emens, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY.
Professor Harold N. Fowler, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, 6.
Professor Abraham L. Fuller, Western Resei*ve University, Cleveland, O.
Professor Henry Gibbons, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
Professor Basil L. Gildersleeve, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md,
Professor William W. Goodwin, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
Professor William Gardner Hale, University of Chicago, Chicago, III.
Professor Albert Harkness, Brown University, Providence, B.I.
Professor John H. Hewitt, Williams College, Williamstown, Mass.
Professor Joseph Clark Hoppin, Bi^/n Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa.
Professor George E. Howes, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt.
Professor William A. Lamberton, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
Pa.
Mr. Gardiner M. Lane (Treasurer), 44i State Street, Boston, Mass.
Professor Abby Leach (Chairman of the Committee on Fellowships), Vassar
College, Poughkeepsie, NY.
Professor George Dana Lord, Dartmouth College, Hanover, N.H.
Miss Ellen F. Mason, 1, Walnut Street, Boston, Mass.
Professor George F. Moore (ex officio, as Chairman of the Managing Com-
mittee of the School in Palestine), Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
Professor Charles Eliot Norton, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
Professor Bernadotte Perrin, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.
Professor Edward Delavan Perry, Columbia University, Nexo York, N. Y.
Mr. Frederic J. de Peyster, 111, Broadway, New York, N Y.
Professor William Carey Poland, Brown University, 63, Lloyd Street, Provi-
dence, B.I.
Professor W. K. Prentice, Princeton University, Princeton, N.J.
Professor Louise F. Randolph, Mt. Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass.
3
4 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
Professor Horatio M. Reynolds (Secretary), Yale University, New Haven,
Conn.
Professor Rufus B. Richardson (ex officio, as Director of the School), Athens,
Greece.
Professor H. N. Sanders, Bryn Mavjr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa.
Professor Thomas Day Seymour, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.
Professor Paul Shore y {ex officio, as Professor in the School), University of
Chicago, Chicago, III.
Professor H. Db F. Smith, Amherst College, Amherst, Mass,
Professor Herbert Weir Smyth, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
Professor J. R. Sitlington Sterrett (Associate Editor of the Journal of the
Institute), Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.
Professor Frank B. Tarbell, University of Chicago, Chicago, III.
Professor FitzGerald Tisdall, College of the City of New York, New
York, N Y.
Professor Henry M. Tyler, Smith College, Northampton, Mass.
♦ Professor James C. Van Benschoten, Wesleyan University, Middletown,
Conn.
Professor William R. Ware, School of Architecture, Columbia University,
New York, N. Y.
Professor Andrew F. West (ex officio, as Chairman of the Managing Com-
mittee of the School in Rome), Princeton University, Princeton, N.J.
President Benjamin Ide Wheelkr, University of California, Berkeley, Cal.
Professor John Williams White (ex officio, as President of the Institute),
Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
Professor Samuel Ross Winans, Princeton University, Princeton, N.J.
Professor John Henry Wright (ex officio, as Editor-in-Chief of the Journal
of the Institute), Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES WHICH HAVE COOPERATED IN
THE SUPPORT OF THE SCHOOL
ADELBERT COLLEGE OF WESTEEN EE-
8ERVE UNIVERSITY, 1889+.
AMHERST COLLEGE, 1882-95, 1902+.
BROWN UNIVERSITY, 1882+.
BRYN MAWR COLLEGE, 1898+.
COLUSGE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK,i
1882-86.
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, 1882+.
CORNELL UNIVERSITY, 1882+.
DARTMOUTH COLLEGE, 1884+.
HARVARD UNIVERSITY, 1882+.
JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, 1882+.
MOUNT HOLYOKE COLLEGE, 1891+.
NEW YORK UNIVERSITY,! 1886.
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, 1882+.
SMITH COLLEGE, 1898+.
SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY, 1895+.
TRINITY COLLEGE,! 1886-88.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, 1882-84,
1894+.
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, 1898+.
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, 1888+.
UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI, 1887-90.
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, 1884+.
UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT, 1891+.
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, 1882-84.
VASSAR COLLEGE, 1888+.
WELLESLEY COLLEGE, 1886+.
WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY, 1882+.
WILLIAMS COLLEGE, 1886+.
YALE UNIVERSITY, 1882+.
1 In the strong helief that the permanent endowment fund of the School was soon
to he secured, in 1886 the Managing Committee of the School was ready to accept
$1000, in lieu of future payments of $260 a year, from the supporting colleges. The
College of the City of New York did not quite complete this payment. One thousand
dollars were accepted from the New York University and from Trinity College.
BULLETIN V
TRUSTEES OF THE SCHOOL
Professor Charles Eliot Norton (President).
Professor William W. Goodwin (Secretary),
Mr. Gardiner M. Lane (Treasurer),
Professor Basil L. Gildersleeve.
*Mr. Henry G. Marquand.
Mr. Frederic J. de Peyster.
Rt. Rev. Henry C. Potter.
Professor Thomas Day Seymour.
Professor William M. Sloane.
Mr. Samuel D. Warren.
Professor John Williams White,
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
The Chairman of the Managing Committee, ex officio.
The Secretary of the Managing Committee, ex offl>cio.
The Treasurer of the Managing Committee, ex officio.
The President of the Archaeological Institute, ex officio.
The Chairman of the Managing Committee of the School in
Rome, ex officio.
Professor Chapin and Professor Winans, until 1903,
Professor D'Ooge and Professor Hoppin, until 1904,
/
/
THE FIRST TWENTY YEARS OF THE AMERICAN
SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS^
The present seems a fitting time for a survey of the history
of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. The
Twentieth Report of the School to the Council of the Institute
has recently been published, and the actual work of the School
in Greece is in its twentieth year. It was at the annual meeting
of the Archaeological Institute of America, on May 21, 1881,
that a committee was appointed to " devise a plan for the crea-
tion at Athens of an American School of Classical Literature,
Art, and Antiquities, and to carry the plan into immediate exe-
cution should it appear well to do so," and on December 20
of that year the Committee issued a circular appealing for aid
to the colleges which have been the chief supporters of the
School during these twenty years.
If our old friend Herodotus had my theme, I am sure that
he would begin his story with the early relations of America
with Greece, before the founding of our School, and I should
like to follow the course which he would approve.
With the single exception of Nicolas Biddle, of Philadelphia,
— who visited Greece as a young man, about 1806, and secured
a certain familiarity with the Modern Greek language, which
enabled him to discuss this language with the Oxford dons, —
the first Americans to visit Greece were philanthropists, like
Dr. Howe, who served the Greeks for nearly six years, and
became the surgeon-general of their fleet in their war for inde-
pendence; or missionaries, like Dr. and Mrs. Hill and Jonas
1 This sketch of the history of the School at Athens was presented in sub-
stance to the Archaeological Institute of America at its meeting at Columbia
University, on the evening of December 27, 1901.
7
8 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
King at Athens, and Nathan Benjamin at Argos ; or naval offi-
cers, like Walter Colton, who wrote an interesting account of
his experiences on and near the Aegean Sea.
America was brought near to Greece by the sympathy of our
fathers and mothers with the Greeks in their seven years' war
for freedom. Our own struggle for independence was then only
a little farther removed than our Civil War is from us now, and
many remembered it well, and were impelled by these recol-
lections to sympathize with the Hellenes in their efforts and
sufferings. We are all familiar with the stories of shiploads of
food and clothing sent from this country to Greece more than
seventy years ago, but I have heard more about these ships in
Greece than in America, and seldom have I seen more radiant
pleasure in expressing gratitude than tjiat of an old woman in
Argos, as she told me that she had eaten of the American food
and had been glad to wear clothing sent by America's generosity.
And Mr. Francis, who was United States Minister at Athens
thirty years ago, found that the Greeks in general had clear
memories of the good offices of our people. But Dr. Howe was
a philanthropist, not an archaeologist, and in his " History of the
Greek Revolution " I find only one bare allusion to the monu-
ments of antiquity. When a man is dying of wounds and hun-
ger, the good Samaritans have little time to think of the remains
of his former magnificence, — his broken statuary and the frag-
ments of his family records. In the account published by Dr.
Rufus Anderson in 1830, however, of his trip through Pelopon-
nesus in the preceding year, for the purpose of determining the
advisability of establishing missionary stations in Greece, more
attention is paid to the remains of antiquity, and to topography
as illustrative of ancient history.
To America's interest in the independence and well-being of
Greece, doubtless, we may ascribe the coming of several Greeks
to our shores, and in particular that of Evangelinus Apostolides
Sophocles, who was a man of great ability and became a very
learned scholar, and taught first at Yale, about 1838, and then
for many years at Harvard. But Sophocles, learned Greek
though he became, brought with him to this country neither
exact knowledge of the ancient Greek language and literature,
nor familiarity with the land of Hellas and its monuments of
BULLETIN V 9
antiquity. His early youth was spent near the home of Achilles,
but later, before coming to America, he sojourned in Egypt
and on Mt. Sinai, in Arabia. His tastes were never archaeo-
logical, any more than those of his countrymen who have come
to America in later years, and he was more interested in liter-
ature than in history and antiquities.
The Rev. Dr. Hill went from America to Greece in 1830,
and established his mission school in Athens long before the
seat of government was removed thither, and at the time of
my first visit to Greece, in 1872, he was the oldest resident of
that city. His culture and his truly Christian and Hellenic
hospitality brought him into close relations with all American
and British scholars who visited Greece, many of whom, like
myself, had reason to be grateful for the use of his library,
but all who know of his work are aware that he had no leisure
for archaeological research.
In the early autumn of 1848, James Mason Hoppin, — now
Professor of the History of Art Emeritus in Yale University, —
on his way to Egypt and the Holy Land from Berlin, where he
had studied with Ritter and had known Ernst Curtius, visited
Athens and Marathon, Corinth, Nemea, and Mycenae, examined
the site and remains of Delphi, arid climbed Parnassus, but he
had no time for detailed explorations.
The first American scholar to study in Greece was Henry
M. Baird, now the distinguished Hellenist and historian, of the
University of the City of New York, and an honored member
of the Managing Committee of our School, who passed a year
in Greece just half a century ago, in 1851-52, — attending lec-
tures in the University, and travelling through the country.
Four or five years later, in 1856, he published his work on
"Modern Greece," which remains the fullest account of that
country ever written by an American, and contains, as we might
expect from Dr. Baird, much information with regard to the
monuments of antiquity.
A year or two after Dr. Baird, Professor Cornelius Felton of
Harvard, at the close of 1853, spent three months in Greece, —
to which we owe doubtless the latter part of his Lowell lec-
tures on " Greece, Ancient and Modern,'' and his " Selections
from Modern Greek Writers." His visit being in the winter
10 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
season, he devoted himself chiefly, according to his "Familiar
Letters," to the study of the modern language, making no
systematic study of the monuments nor careful explorations.
Three or four years after Felton (in 1856), two recent
graduates of Harvard, W, W. Goodwin and W. F. Allen,
were in Greece for a short stay. In the same year Professor
W. S. Tyler of Amherst went thither, and travelled on horse-
back from Athens to Corinth and Mycenae, and climbed
Pentelicus, and visited Phyle; he visited Greece again ip,
1870. Two years later, in 1858, three recent graduates of
Yale reached Greece, — Timothy Dwight, Lewis R. Pack-
ard, and William Wheeler (in whose memory the Soldiers'
Memorial Fellowship was founded), — but their stay at that
time was brief, not much longer than that of Goodwin and
Allen. In the same year the traveller. Bayard Taylor, spent
several months in Greece, but he was neither an archaeologist
nor a philologist ; his acquaintance with ancient Greek came
later in life.
In 1860 Professor Van Benschoten of Wesleyan University
went to Greece, attended lectures in the University until Feb-
ruary, and then visited the islands of the Archipelago, traversed
Crete from east to west, and Asia Minor from south to north,
to Troy, and then travelled through Thrace and Thessaly back
to Athens, — probably a more extended trip than any Ameri-
can had made in Greece before him. He doubtless was also
the first American to give a definite course of instruction on
the basis of the work of Pausanias.
In the summer of 1866 Professor Packard returned to
Greece for a year's study, in which he was joined for nearly
two months by Professor Clement L. Smith, now of Harvard.
Their mornings were spent in study and in attending lectures
at the University; the afternoons were largely devoted to the
study of topography and monuments, with the works of Pausa-
nias, Leake, Curtius, Bursian, and Michaelis for consultation.
Before Mr. Packard left Greece in 1867, Professor Henry
M. Tyler, now of Smith College, visited Athens, and in the*
spring of 1867 Mr. Frederic J. de Peyster, who was to serve
the School for thirteen years as its first Treasurer, came to
Greece. Mr. de Peyster had the daring to visit, not only the
BULLETIN V 11
field of Marathon, but also Thebes, which, as he says, was
looked upon as an adventurous excursion, because of the risk
of falling in with brigands. He returned to Greece again and
again, in 1871, 1872, and 1879.
In 1869 Dr. Robert P. Keep was sent to Athens as United
States consul, — fresh from his graduate studies and his teach-
ing at Yale. His official duties were not onerous; I have
heard that only one American vessel visited the Piraeus during
his two years of office, and he had an assistant to perform
the routine work of his position. Thus he enjoyed abundant
leisure, which he improved by study and travel. Officers of the
University of Athens, just after his departure from Greece,
told me that no Greek knew their kingdom so well as he, and
I have often regretted that the cares and duties of his life have
prevented his publishing the results of his explorations. His
scholarly familiarity with Greece (it is a satisfaction to note)
brought him into pleasant relations with archaeologists of
other lands, and in particular with Ernst Curtius, who made
slight explorations about the Pnyx while Dr. Keep was consul.
Dr. Keep was followed as consul at Athens, for a period
of two years, by Professor Fisk P. Brewer, another scholar and
graduate of Yale, a brother of Justice Brewer of the United
States Supreme Court. Professor Brewer was son of a mis-
sionary, and born in Smyrna, with modern Greek the vernacular
language of his childhood and easily recovered in later days, and
he had spent nearly a year in Greece in 1858, after a service of
three years as tutor at Yale. The line of scholarly consuls
at Athens, I may say parenthetically, was broken with Mr.
Brewer, — to be renewed only in the case of Professor Manatt,
under the administration of President Harrison. That this
position of dignity and leisure should be given to one who
would use the leisure for scholarly purposes needs no argu-
ment, the mere statement of the principle should suffice, —
just as the consulship at Jerusalem has long been set apart
for the furtherance of Oriental studies. May neither of these
consulships ever again be used as a reward for political services.
During the consulship of Mr. Brewer, in the early spring of
1872, Professor White, the present President of the Institute,
made a visit of a couple of months to Greece, and a few days
12 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
after his departure Professor D'Ooge of Michigan University
and I reached Athens.
Thirty years ago Athens had less than half its present popu-
lation, being about as large as its port, the Piraeus, now is, and
retaining many of the characteristics of an overgrown Turkish
village. It was without public conveyances, except a very few
hackney carriages and the one little railroad to the Piraeus.
The kingdom had far fewer miles of carriage roads than it has
of railroads at present, and the little coasting steamers, wher-
ever possible^ were the ordinary conveyance for travellers
from Athens to Argos, or to Corinth, or to Sparta, or to
Kalamata. The diflSculties and discomfort of travel and resi-
dence in Greece were greater than now, while the oppor-
tunities and privileges were fewer. Moreover, the Turkish
frontier was but a night's ride from Athens, and travellers ran
the risk of falling in with brigands. When we made an inof-
fensive little trip through Boeotia and Phocis, we were accom-
panied by a squad of soldiers, by command of the government,
not at our request ; additional men were stationed as pickets at
seven points on the route, and on our return to Athens the
United States Minister deemed the fact that we had had no
adventure with brigands worthy of mention in a despatch to
our government. Even the wagon which carried the mail across
the isthmus of Corinth was escorted by soldiers, although
brigandage had been abolished. We were the first travellers
to visit Thebes, Chaeronea, and Delphi after the massacre at
Marathon two years before. Athens then had no museum.
Some sculptures were gathered, in no careful order and uncata-
logued, in the so-called Theseum ; others were scattered about on
the Acropolis, many, as the Hermes Moscophorus, being entirely
unsheltered from the weather. No apparent attempt was made
to protect ancient inscriptions from the storms; they lay in
neglect and unarranged. Clearly at that time Athens was not
an archaeological centre of the first rank, such as it has now
become. No good collection of archaeological books was then
available. The French School was still closed, because of the
Franco-Prussian War. The German School was not yet es-
tablished. The University library was neither conveniently
arranged nor well equipped for philology and archaeology.
BULLETIN V 13
Handbooks of archaeology had not then been prepared, and
even Murray's solitary guide-book of Greece was out of print
and unattainable. The books of travel and a few other books
of reference in Dr. Hill's library served a useful purpose, and we
had some texts of our own. Professor Rhusopulos consented
to give us instruction in the Modern Greek language, and proved
an excellent adviser for our explorations. Kumanudes, also, was
sympathetic and ready with his counsel. From the lectures
at the University, coming as we did in the midst of a semester,
we derived no great assistance. We were forced to explore
and find for ourselves much which is now obvious to an ordinary
traveller with the guidance of a Baedeker. Naturally we
failed to see much that we should have seen. A certain com-
pensation was, however, ours. Coming from the lecture rooms
of Ernst Curtius and of Overbeck, and fresh from the ruins
of Rome, we had a modicum of preparation for study in
Greece, and yet were obliged to observe more independently
than are our successors at Athens to-day, and what we learned
and found with much difficulty was well fixed on our memories.
But on the whole the contrast between the meagre opportuni-
ties of 1872 and the great privileges and conveniences of 1902,
is striking.
In 1872 Greece and Athens still contained many memories
and reminders of the Turkish rule. The Frankish or Turkish
tower still stood at the entrance to the Acropolis. Turkish
cannon and balls lay in the precinct of Athena. Heroes of the
Greek revolution still lived. General Church and the histo-
rian Finlay might be seen in Athens, and we received a hearty
greeting from the old grammarian, Asopios, who had been pro-
fessor in the University of Corfu in' 1824.
Early in the autumn of 1875 two young men reached Greece,
who were to prove among our very earliest classical archaeol-
ogists. Dr. Sterrett and Dr. Emerson. They remained in the
lands of Hellas for about a year and a half, and travelled
extensively, much of the time on foot, aTrocroXi^o)?, — in both
northern and southern Greece, and in Asia Minor. I suppose
we may say that they were the first Americans to make archaeo-
logical studies in Greece according to modern methods.
Just before the close of the period which I am reviewing.
14 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
Mr. Thomas W. Ludlow went to Greece in the early autumn of
1879, and there passed the following winter with his family.
During the same winter Mr. de Peyster and his family were
again in Greece, and doubtless both he and Mr. Ludlow were
strengthening the personal interest in Greek matters which
made them ready to serve the School.
Among the Americans who were in Greece before the estab-
lishment of our School, I must not neglect to mention Charles
K. Tuckerman, the man of letters, who was Minister of the
United States to the court of King George just before 1870,
and wrote a book on the " Greeks of To-day " ; nor the Pla-
tonist, Denton J. Snider, who, thoroughly filled with the spirit
of ancient Greece, made his " Walk in Hellas," ten years later,
memorable not merely to himself but to many others, — though
both Snider and Tuckerman lacked all interest in special archae-
ological problems.
Between 1830 and 1880, 1 have enumerated a score of Ameri-
can scholars as visitors to Greece, — of whom, however, only
about half remained as long as two months, — including two
United States consuls and a United States minister. I may
have overlooked or have been ignorant of the experiences of
several others, but probably most of these made but brief stays
in Greece, or were travellers of more general interest, like
Theodore Winthrop and Bayard Taylor. As a result of these
visits, I have enumerated five books, Baird's "Modern Greece,"
Felton's " Greece, Ancient and Modern," and " Selections from
Modern Greek Writers" (1856), Snider's "Walk in Hellas,"
and Tuckerman's " Greeks of To-day " ; in addition to Howe's
" History of the Greek Revolution," Anderson's " Remarks on
the Condition of the Peloponnesus " (1830), and Colton's " Land
and Lee, or Views in the Bosporus and the Aegean " (1851),
which have less interest for scholars.
The idea of a School of Classical Studies at Athens was not
new a score of years ago. The French School there had then
been established a third of a century, having been founded
in 1846, and the Athenian branch of the German Archaeologi-
cal Institute was founded in 1874. Already in 1878 the atten-
tion of the British public had been called to the advantages
BULLETIN V 15
of an " English School of Archaeology at Athens and Rome,"
by Professor Jebb, now Sir Richard Jebb, with a plea for the
study of classical archaeology: "The student of Greek and
Latin books should be made to feel that the Greeks and
Romans were real living people, to have some clear knowledge
not only of their laws and wars, but also of their social life and
of the objects that surrounded them in their everyday exist-
ence, and to enjoy the most beautiful creations of their art in
the light shed upon these from a kindred source in the master-
pieces of their literature."
The very earliest report of the Executive Committee of our
Institute, referring to the French and German Schools at
Athens, said, "It is greatly to be desired for the sake of
American scholarship, that a similar American school may
before long enter into honorable rivalry with those already
established." Thus our School at Athens was the eldest
daughter of a very youthful mother.
I should like to make more definite, by concrete examples,
what our School was designed to accomplish, thus amplifying
Sir Richard Jebb's expressions. *
From the study of a good physical atlas, we can appreciate
many important facts in Greek history more accurately than
is usually done. Observing the heights and directions and
numbers of the mountain ranges, we understand in a way the
political divisions of the Greeks and the independence of their
clans and cantons. Observing that the area of Greece is less
than that of Portugal, while its coast line is longer than that of
Spain, we see the necessity of their seamanship. When we
read that, on the average, Athens has only three days in the year
when the sun cannot be seen, and three nights so cloudy that
no stars are visible, we appreciate better Euripides' address to
the Athenians, "stepping delicately through clearest aether,"
and understand more easily the outdoor, open-air life of that
people. But, after all, as Herodotus says, " Men's ears are less
believing than their eyes." The Greeks knew as well as we
that the report of deeds is not so impressive as their repre-
sentation in action. To be convinced of facts on testimony
is very different from having experience of our own and the
witness of our own eyes, and few countries have so distinct
16 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
characteristics as Greece, which it is difficult for odc who
has not seen them to represent adequately to himself and
others.
Of course modern archaeology in recent years has done and
is doing much for us in the respect to which I have just
referred. The younger scholar is amazed to think of Mycenae's
being mentioned but once in the index to Grote's great " His-
tory of Greece," and there so misspelled in the American
edition as hardly to be recognized. How real Mycenae has
become to the present generation of scholars I The historian
Grote does not seem to have cared where or how it lay, — it
was to him of mere mythical interest, as the home of Agamem-
non. But the observation that it was connected with Corinth
by roads which may have been intended for chariots of war
rather than for wagons of merchandise brings it into connection
with the rest of Greece in the time of its prosperity and power.
And that some of the buildings about the Argive Heraeum indi-
cate connexion with Mycenae, while others seem specially re-
lated to Argos, according to Dr. Waldstein, gives us a hint as
to a change of political conditions. Many such things we can
learn from books better now than ever before. But Professor
Goodwin, in the delightful account of the work of his year in
Greece as Director of the School at Athens which he gave to
the Philological Association in 1884, said: "I shall never forget
the sensation when Kiepert's map of Laconia suddenly vanished
from my thoughts at the first sight of the valley of the Eurotas
and Taygetus ; nor when the puzzling topography of Boeotia
cleared itself up as I saw it gradually unfolded from the
citadel of Chaeronea, from the mighty fortress of the Minyan
Orchomenos, and from Thespiae, Plataea, and the Cadmea of
Thebes ; nor when a black spot on the map was replaced by the
snow-capped Parnassus himself, standing in all his dignity as
sentinel over the great plain of Boeotia, — the first sight that
meets the traveller's eye when he enters the plain and the last
that vanishes as he passes into the hollows of Cithaeron on the
road from Thebes to Athens." Many more illustrations could
be given. The necessity of the change from the nearer harbor
of Phalerum to the more distant harbor of the Piraeus, on the
development of the commercial and naval power of Athens, is
BULLETIN V 17
manifest at a glance to the visitor to Athens, though puzzling
to the student of the ordinary map. Many a scholar has won-
dered why the remote Delphi, in a not easily accessible part
of Phocis, which otherwise exerted little influence on Greece,
should have been chosen as the home of the chief oracle of
the Greek-speaking race, an oracle to which even the Lydian
Croesus sent for guidance ; but this wonder has disappeared
when the scholar has himself stood by the Castalian spring, at
the entrance to the chasm, and seen the grandeur and con-
venience of the site, — at a small remove from the sea, like
Olympia and the Argive Heraeum, and with a road leading to
the east. A distinguished friend told me that he could never
understand the story of the Phoenician Cadmus founding
Boeotian Thebes until he stood on the seashore of the Euri-
pus and saw the Cadmean hill rise in the distance. Our
best map hardly explains why the plain of Chaeronea should
be the field of thxee great battles, but as the scholar stands in
the Chaeronean theatre the reason is clear. The reason also
for the prominence of Minyan Orchomenos can be understood
as one sees. the site in the distance, or stands on the citadel, far
better than from any printed description.
Perhaps the best example of the principle which I am trying
to illustrate is Professor Goodwin's observation of the difficulty
involved in the ordinary scheme of the naval battle at Salamis.
With their maps before them, Grote and his predecessors had
thought of the Persian fleet as advancing like a phalanx against
the opposing Greeks. But standing where Xerxes had stood.
Professor Goodwin saw clearly the difficulties involved in that
supposition, and interpreted naturally the account of Aeschylus
to mean that the Persians advanced in column, with but few
ships abreast.
The scholar who is to teach Greek literature and history
should have the clearest views of what formed the founda-
tion and background for this history and literature, and this
clearest view may be obtained best by the sight of his own
eyes. In other words, a Greek scholar will be a better teacher
of Greek literature, as well as of history, if he has visited Greece.
Of course autopsy^ as the Germans call it, is not absolutely neces-
sary to scholarship. I knew an American scholar who had never
18 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
crossed the Atlantic, and yet was more familiar with the to-
pography of Rome than most young men who have spent a
year at the American School there ; and K. O. Miiller's work
on Athenian topography was written before ever he saw Greece.
So Overbeck wrote his " Pompeii," which for many years served
as a guide-book for scholars, long before he saw the buried city;
and he saw Greece and Italy and the extant treasures of ancient
art only after his " History of Greek Sculpture " had appeared
in a second edition. One fairly shudders now as he thinks of
the dreadful woodcuts which served him as a basis for many of
his criticisms. But Ernst Curtius' familiarity with Greece and
Greek art not only gave to many chapters of his " History of
Greece " a charm which the predecessors of that work did not
possess ; it enabled him often to see clearly truth which had
been obscure. Its opposite would be a work entitled " Graecia
Antiqua," by Laurenberg, edited by Samuel Puffendorf in 1661,
embellished by more than thirty maps which are drawn largely
from imagination. In this work, for instance, one branch of
the Boeotian Asopus comes from Plataea to a point within five
or six miles of Athens, and finally empties into the sea south of
Marathon ! What notions of Greek history would be founded
on such maps?
But the student of ancient Greece needs to see, with his own
eyes, not only the country where the Greeks lived, but the extant
monuments of their civilization. In spite of excellent photo-
graphs and illustrated works, many facts are clearer on the ruins
than in any reproduction. I remember that a younger friend,
standing by my side on the Acropolis, pointed out some archi-
tectural arrangement in the Erechtheum, and said that much
hard labor had been required for his understanding of it from
books, while in the original it was so clear that any one might
find it intelligible at once, and remember it without difficulty.
Still more true, perhaps, is this principle with regard to many
minor archaeological objects, which the student needs to have
in his own hands and examine. For example, the different
kinds of Greek pottery, Proto-Corinthian or Early Argive,
Dipylon ware, black-figured and red-figured vases of a bewil-
dering number of forms, can best be learned by actual contact.
The same is true of ancient bronzes; and even in epigraphy,
BULLETIN V 19
nothing can take the place of the original stones. We need
the use of laboratory methods, and are reminded of the three
stages of instruction in chemistry and physics. At first the
student read of experiments, and recited the account to his
instructor. Later, early in the nineteenth century, the student
saw his instructor perform experiments to illustrate the law of
gravity or the tendency of oxygen to unite with various other
elements. Considerably later, toward the close of the nine-
teenth century, the student was set to work to perform experi-
ments and discover principles for himself. So one important
part of the work of our School at Athens is to help our students,
not simply to learn what has been said and published about
Greece and its monuments, but also to become acquainted with
Greece and its monuments themselves. As it is better to
know Greek literature than to know what has been written
about Greek literature, so it is better to know Greece than
to know what has been written about Greece, — to know Greek
monuments than to know what has been written about them.
The Committee of the Institute, which was appointed in 1881
to establish our School at Athens, consisted of Professor White
and Professor Gurney of Harvard University, Professor Hark-
ness of Brown University, Mr. Thomas W. Ludlow of Yonkers,
and General Palfrey of Boston. This Committee held its first
meeting on June 22, 1881, and added to their number Mr. F. J.
de Peyster of New York City, who, as well as Mr. Ludlow, had
recently returned from Greece, and who became the Treasurer of
the Committee. They met again on December 20 of that year,
and determined to make no organized effort to secure the per-
manent endowment fund of $100,000, which was then thought
suflBicient for the needs of the School, until the advantages to be
derived from one or more years' study in Greece, under im-
mediate direction, had been made manifest to the community.
A score of our scholars had visited Greece without the special
encouragement and support of a school. Those whose pecun-
iary help was needed might think a School unnecessary, and
that travel and study in Greece would be particularly useful
only to those the maturity of whose attainments was such as
to need no special direction. Not more than one American a
year (on the most liberal estimate), on the average for thirty
20 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
years, had visited Greece for serious study or observation ; per-
haps no more were to be expected, and no school could be main-
tained for the sake of a single student. Until the importance
of the School was manifest, then, the endowment would not be
sought by the Committee.
In March, 1882, the following scholars were added to the
Committee: Professor Drisler of Columbia, Professor Gilder-
sleeve of Johns Hopkins, Professor Packard of Yale, and
Professor Sloane of Princeton. The President of the Institute
and the Director of the School were made members of the
School ex officiia.
" On their second voyage," as Plato would say, the Com-
mittee persuaded the friends of nine colleges and universities to
undertake to pay $250 annually, for each college, toward the cur-
rent expenses of the School, for a period of ten years, or until the
permanent endowment should be secured. These institutions
were : Harvard, Yale, Brown, Amherst, Johns Hopkins, the
College of the City of New York, Columbia, the College of
New Jersey, and Wesleyan — to which were soon added Dart-
mouth, Cornell, Michigan University, the University of Vir-
ginia, the University of California, and the University of
Pennsylvania. Thus, —
The income from the colleges for the first year was . . . $3000
The receipts for the second year were 3200
The receipts for the third year were 3150
The receipts for the fourth year were 2900
The receipts for the fifth year were 3650
The average income for the first five years was .... 3190
Some of the contributing colleges soon ceased to aid in the sup-
port of the School, but others took their places, and during the
past twenty years the colleges and universities of our country
have borne the chief burden of the maintenance of the School.
In addition to this contribution of money of our institutions of
learning for the current expenses of the School, during seven-
teen of these twenty years, one of them has given to the School
each year the services of one of its professors, that he might
act as Director or Professor of the School, — sometimes con-
tinuing his full salary, and generally continuing not less than
two-thirds or three-fourths of it. No heartier nor more valuable
BULLETIN V 21
tribute to the worth of the School could be given than this action
on the part of institutions whose aims and desires are always
far in advance of their means, for just these institutions are
best able to estimate the true value of the School's work.
The successful organization of our School is chiefly due to
the energy and tact of Professor White, the present Presi-
dent of the Institute, who was for the first six years the
Chairman of its Managing Committee. He was eflSciently
supported by the hearty sympathy and wise counsel of Pro-
fessor Norton, the first President of the Institute, who con-
tinued his special care of the School during the whole of his
administration. But the School has had other friends, too, and
to apportion out to each his due meed of praise would not be
easy. The permanence of the organization of its Managing
Committee has been unusual, and doubtless has aided in the
steadiness of its development. Until May, 1901, the Committee
had had but two Chairmen, — Professor White, from 1881 to
1887, and myself, from 1887 to 1901 ; but two Secretaries, —
Mr. Ludlow, from 1881 to his death in 1894, and Professor
J. R. Wheeler, from 1894; but two Treasurers, — Mr. de Pey-
ster, from 1881 to 1895, and Mr. Lane, since 1895 ; but three
Chairmen of the Committee on Publications, — Professor Good-
win, Professor Merriam, and Professor Perrin ; but three Chair-
men of the Committee on Fellowships, — Professor White,
Professor B. I. Wheeler, and Professor Leach ; but two Direc-
tors on more than an annual appointment, — Professor Wald-
stein and Professor Richardson. Of the fourteen who were
elected members of the Managing Committee before the close
of 1882, the year in which the work of the School opened in
Greece, six are still members of the Committee, — Professor
White, Professor Norton, Professor Harkness, Mr. de Peyster,
Professor Gildersleeve, and Professor Goodwin, a company of
which we are all proud. Professor Sloane has retired from the
Committee. Seven are dead,^ — Professor Drisler, Professor
Gurney, Mr. Ludlow, Professor Packard, Professor Tyler, and
Professor Van Benschoten, — other names which we honor,
1 Professor Van Benschoten of Wesleyan University, who had been a member
of the Managing Committee since 1882, was present when this paper was read to
the Institute, but died in the following month.
22 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
The School was thus founded by the Archaeological Institute,
and in each year has made its report to the Council of that
body. Its Managing Committee, however, while in form a Com-
mittee of the Institute, is in fact absolutely independent in its
action. But on the establishment of the School in Rome, in
order to secure greater harmony of action for the sister schools,
the committees agreed that each chairman should be ex officio
a member of the managing and executive committees of the
other school. The President of the Institute also is ex officio
a member of the Committee of the School, and the Chairman
of the Committee of the School is ex officio a member of the
Council of the Institute. So each of these three bodies has
means to be well informed of the doings and plans of the others.
The School's building at Athens and its permanent fund are
vested in an incorporated board of trustees, of which James
Russell Lowell was the president from its organization until
his death in 1891, and over which Charles Eliot Norton now
presides.
One of the devices to which the " mother of invention " led
the Managing Committee, at the creation of the School at
Athens, has proved wise and beneficial. For no other object
have the institutions of higher learning in our country been
so long and so closely associated, and the reflex influence of
our School in binding together the ofiicers of the Greek de-
partments of more than a score of our best colleges and uni-
versities has been of no ordinary importance. To secure the
approval and cooperation of the colleges was no slight under-
taking, and required tact, patience, and perseverance on the
part of the first Chairman of the Managing Committee. But
I am sure that the Committee would now favor no plan which
should so relieve the colleges from the burden of maintaining
the School that they should no longer bear a special relation to
it. Our School has had a particularly direct influence on the
higher education of our country, — much more direct (for
example) than that of the British School at Athens on the
higher education of Great Britain, largely because of the rela-
tion of the School to the bodies which appoint to chairs of in-
struction, though in part because our country has lacked the
educational influence of the British Museum and has felt a
BULLETIN V 23
stronger necessity for study in Greece. The former students
of our School, as we shall soon see, are occupying many im-
portant positions in our institutions of higher learning, and
comparatively few prominent professorships of Greek or
Classical Archaeology in our country have been filled of late
except by those who have either studied or taught in our
School. For this, we can give the credit largely to the con-
stitution of our Managing Committee, and the familiarity of
its members with the work of the students. Its advantage
can be appreciated best by college teachers who have compared
and contrasted the situation in Great Britain.
Another device which was accepted as a temporary expe-
dient, but which has proved to be of great value, was the
appointment of a professor from one of the supporting colleges
to administer the affairs of the School in Greece for a single
year, and to direct the researches of its students. The Com-
mittee expected to cease appointing representatives from the
colleges just as soon as means were found for the support
of a permanent director. But experience has taught us that,
in addition to the Director, the professor of the School can
render important services to the students, and that he is
really needed in order to keep the work of the School closely
in touch with the work of higher education at home, as a bond
between research in Greece and the practice of teaching in
America, if the School is to train, not simply specialists in
archaeology and investigators, but also teachers for our col-
leges and better schools ; even a veteran teacher, after a long
absence from our country, may forget some of the special con-
ditions of education in America. On the other hand, the
professor of the School, on his return to this country, informs
the Committee of the new conditions and needs of the work in
Greece. Not to be forgotten, also, iii this connection is the
influence exerted on classical instruction in this country by the
nineteen scholars who have left their classes at home for a
year's participation in the work of the School in Greece. Of
these scholars, Harvard has furnished three, — Goodwin, Allen,
White; Yale two — Packard and Goodell; Columbia two —
Merriam and Perry ; Chicago two — Tarbell and Shorey ; and
ten other institutions have sent one each : Wesleyan, Van
24 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
Benschoten ; Michigan, D'Ooge ; Princeton, Orris ; Dartmouth,
Richardson; Brown, Poland; Vermont, J. R. Wheeler; Cor-
nell, B. I. Wheeler; Amherst, Sterrett; Wellesley, Miss
Chapin; Bryn Mawr, Smyth. Professor Howes of the Uni-
versity of Vermont follows in this service for 1902-03, and
Professor Fowler of Western Reserve University succeeds him
in 1903. Here is another group of names of which the scholars
of the country are proud. A distinguished list, indeed ; and
the reader is at once reminded of the diverse services which
these scholars have rendered to the School. That not all have
followed a single line has worked for good and not for ill.
Some have been more interested in pure archaeology, others
in literature, others in epigraphy, topography, or art. Of the
Managing Committee, thirteen have served in Greece as oflBicers
and instructors of the School, while five have been students of
the School.^ Such a committee has a more than formal interest
in the institution for which it cares.
The necessities of the situation affected our School in still
another way for good. Twenty years ago the opportunities
for the study of classical archaeology in our country were very
limited. The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston was only four
years old as an organization ; the Metropolitan Museum of New
York City was still in narrow temporary quarters on Four-
teenth Street. No university in the country offered courses
of instruction in archaeology. Naturally, then, the students
who went to Greece directly from American institutions of
learning needed much elementary instruction; those of our
students who were properly prepared for their work in Greece
had secured this preparation in Europe. Gradually, as the
students have reached Athens better furnished with archaeologi-
cal attainments, the standard of the instruction has been raised,
until now it is of high university order. Probably no one
at first anticipated that the School would continue to offer
definite courses of instruction after the students were beyond
the need of help and guidance in the rudiments of archaeologi-
cal study. But not only have the students profited by the
advanced instruction of our own School; our example seems
1 Since this paper was read before the Institute, another former student of
the School has been elected member of the Committee.
BULLETIN V 26
to have influenced the national schools in Greece. Dr. Dorp-
feld now gives an amount of instruction which his predecessor as
head of the German School, Dr. Kohler, never thought of giving.
His weekly lectures on the monuments of Athens occupy most
of each Saturday afternoon through half of the year, and on his
tours through Greece and among the Greek islands, and at Troy,
his lectures are an important part of the privileges accessible
to our students. So Dr. Wilhelm, one of the most brilliant
of all epigraphists, conducts most exact and stimulating exer-
cises in the reading of Greek inscriptions. Our students have
enjoyed similar opportunities of hearing lectures in connection
with the British and the French Schools. The comity of scholars
of all nationalities in Athens is as gratifying as the union of
American scholars at home in the support of our School.
The work of the School in Greece was opened early in Octo-
ber, 1882, by its first Director, Professor Goodwin of Har-
vard University, in the upper part of a large house near the
Gate of Hadrian and the columns of the Temple of Olympian
Zeus, on the broad avenue named for Otho's queen, Amalia,
with an almost uninterrupted view on all sides except the
north. This provided rooms for the Director and his family,
with a large library as a working room for the students.
Seven young men presented themselves as regular students, —
a picked company, of whom one (Shorey) is now the head of
the department of Greek in the University of Chicago, another
(J. R. Wheeler) is Professor of Greek at Columbia, another
(Sterrett) holds the like position at Cornell, another (Wood-
ruff) is at Bowdoin, another (Bevier) at Rutgers, and another
(Fowler) is at Western Reserve. Two evenings of each week
after November first were devoted to meetings of the School
for the reading of papers or for the discussion of questions
relating to classical studies. Six of the students each pre-
sented a thesis in connection with the work for the year.
In the autumn of 1883 Professor Goodwin was succeeded as
Director by Professor Packard of Yale College, but soon after
reaching Athens the Director was overcome by illness from
which he never recovered ; after a year of suffering he returned
to his home, only to die in October, 1884. Fortunately Dr.
Sterrett, who had then been in Greece for nearly three years,
26 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
was willing to serve as Secretary of the School and to assist
the two students who were present during the second year of
the School.
During the year 1884-85, Professor Van Benschoten of Wes-
leyan University served as Director, but he had only one student
under his care.
For the year 1885-86, Harvard University again generously
gave the services of one of its most distinguished scholars, —
Frederic D. Allen. Five regular students were present through
the year, — including, for the first time, a young woman, a grad-
uate of the University of Michigan.
In these first four years of the School in Greece, the work had
been in no sense continuous. Each Director had remained in
Athens but eight months; no student had remained for a second
year. Each autumn the work must be taken up, not at the
point where it had been left in the previous June, but where it
had been begun in the previous October. No traditions were
handed down; the experience of one Director was of little value
to his successor. This situation was unsatisfactory, of course,
and it was not understood either by the Greeks themselves or
by foreign scholars generally. In planning for the future,
the embarrassment of the Managing Committee was the greater
since comparatively few of the professors in our colleges had
been in Greece at all, and several of these for various reasons
were unable to leave their work at home for a year's residence
abroad. Thus the Director might, as a philologist rather than
an archaeologist, having no special acquaintance with Modern
Greece, its language, and its monuments of antiquity, be obliged,
like the students, to make himself familiar with the work to be
done in Greece. But essentially this state of things was to
continue for two years longer.
In the autumn of 1886, the fifth year of the work of the
School in Greece began, with Professor D'Ooge of Ann Arbor
as Director, and with seven students in attendance, two of
whom had been members of the School during the preceding
year. These gave the first element of continuity which the
School had had, apart from the use of the same rooms and
books, and I take personal pleasure in remembering that they
were both Yale graduates. Professor D'Ooge had a larger
BULLETIN V 27
company of students than had gathered at any time before
since the first year, when students were attracted not simply
by Professor Goodwin's high reputation, but also by the new
opportunity offered ; he brought with him, in addition to great
enthusiasm and the most genial of natures, a certain familiarity
with the situation, and he enjoyed friendships formed at the
time of his former visit to Greece. His work for the School
was of distinct importance to it.
During the sixth year of the School, beginning in the autumn
of 1887, Professor Merriam of Columbia University served as
Director, and again seven students were in attendance, of whom
one had been in residence during the previous year. While his
predecessors had been philologists, Professor Merriam was a
philological archaeologist, or an archaeological philologist, and
had the good fortune to secure from the excavations at Sicyon
and at Icaria excellent and abundant archaeological material for
the study of his students and himself — but of this I shall speak
later.
While Professor Merriam was serving as Director for a single
year, the Managing Committee invited Dr. Charles Waldstein
— a graduate of Columbia College, with German training, who
was then Keeper of the Fitzwilliam Museum, and Reader in
Archaeology in the University of Cambridge — to become
Director of the School for a term of years. As we look back
upon the situation, we are not surprised that Dr. Waldstein
was unwilling to abandon his positions in England for the
sake of what our unendowed School could offer him. He
was, however, so deeply interested in our enterprise that he
secured relief from part of his duties at Cambridge, and assumed
for four years the responsibility for the conduct of the work of
the School in Greece. During the first year of his adminis-
tration, 1888-89, he made two visits to Athens, each of about
a month's duration, while the ordinary care of the students and
of affairs rested on Professor Tarbell, who served as Annual
Director. During the three following years. Dr. Waldstein
spent about three months each year in Greece, leaving the care
of details during the other five months to the Annual Director,
— Professor Orris of Princeton, Professor Richardson of Dart-
mouth (the present Director of the School), and Professor
28 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
Poland of Brown, respectively. In addition to his immediate
work for the School and the students, he rendered it a most
important service, which probably no other available scholar
could have done so efifectively, — he secured for it a standing
in both official and social circles, gaining for it not only atten-
tion, but also influential friends.
But by 1892 our School had so developed that the Managing
Committee was unanimous in the belief that it should have a
permanent Director who would reside in Greece during the
entire eight months of the School year, which Dr. Waldstein's
English engagements did not allow him to do. So he declined
a reelection as Director of the School, but continued for five
years, or until 1897, to serve the School as Professor of Art.
Professor Tarbell was elected to succeed Professor 'Waldstein
as chief executive of the School, but resigned after a single
year's service, in order to take a chair in the University of
Chicago. To succeed Professor Tarbell, in 1893, the Com-
mittee chose Professor Richardson of Dartmouth College, who
had shown rather unusual powers of administration and of
guiding the work of students during his term of office as
Annual Director; and in 1898 Dr. Richardson was reelected
Director for a term of five years. He is now in his tenth year
of service of the School in Greece, and nobody longer thinks of
the School as lacking continuity of life.
Since 1892, when the Director of the School first was in resi-
dence through the entire academic year, the scholar sent from
the colleges and universities of this country to assist for a year
in the conduct of the School has been called no longer Director
or Annual Director, but Professor, and in one case Lecturer.
The force of instruction and administration has been further
augmented by the appointment of Mr. Edward L. Tilton as
Architect in 1894-95, of Dr. Joseph Clark Hoppin as Lecturer
on Greek Vases in 1897-98, and again of Mr. Herbert F. De
Cou as Secretary in 1900-01.
In spite of the rich opportunities for receiving instruction
from lectures, given by scholars in connection with other
Schools as well as our own, I believe that we might to advan-
tage maintain also a Secretary at Athens, who should assist
the Director and the students, and yet should have leisure to
BULLETIN V 29
carry on independent investigations of his own. Such a posi-
tion would have many attractions for a young scholar ; he would
have unusual opportunities for study and research, and we can-
not doubt that he would be useful to others in many ways. He
would be a kind of advanced and more permanent Fellow, add-,
ing continuity to the life of the School, and aiding materially
in the orientation of the students on their first coming to Greece.
He might relieve the Director of part of the burden of affairs,
which is particularly wearisome in a land where many details of
business are conducted in a semi-Oriental fashion.^
Our School set before itself at .the beginning a high ideal for
its publications, but this has not been fully attained. The first
Chairman of the Managing Committee hoped that a volume
of Papers might be issued each year. The first volume con-
tained six papers, filling 262 pages : " Inscriptions of Assos
and Inscriptions of Tralleis," edited by Dr. Sterrett (160 pages);
"The Theatre of Dionysus," by Mr. J. R. Wheeler; "The
Olympieion at Athens," by Dr. Bevier ; " The Erechtheion
at Athens," by Dr. Fowler ; " The Battle of Salamis," by Pro-
fessor Goodwin.
This was indeed a good beginning for the series of Papers,
but the work of the second and third years offered no material
for a paper. The next volume to be published was the Fourth,
in 1888, of 277 pages, of which much more than half (or 160
pages) was occupied by Professor Allen's elaborate treatise on
"Greek Versification in Inscriptions," and nearly half of the
remainder of the volume was filled by Dr. Crow's article on
the " Athenian Pnyx," which was part of the work of the first
year of the School, and a third of the remainder by a tract on
"Attic Vocalism " by Mr. J. M. Lewis. The rest of the volume
was given to an account of the excavation of the theatre at
Thoricus, which was the first enterprise of the School in the
field of exploration.
Volumes II and III of the Papers of the School, both pub-
lished also in 1888, are devoted to the important work in Ana-
tolian epigraphy of Professor Sterrett, — volumes which have
1 After the reading of this paper before the Institute, Dr. Theodore Woolsey
Heermance, who had been for two years a student of the School at Athens,
was elected Secretary of the School for the year 1902-03.
30 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
not lost, but gained, in recognition of their importance during
the fourteen years since their publication: Vol. II, "An Epi-
graphical Journey in Asia Minor " (1883-84), 344 pages, and
Vol. Ill, " The Wolfe Expedition to Asia Minor " (1884-85),
448 pages, with maps.
Volume V of the Papers of the School (314 pages) was pub-
lished in 1892, under the editorial care of Professor Merriam
and Mr. Ludlow, and contains the theses of members of the
School between 1886 and 1890. These papers were published
first in the American Journal of Archaeology^ First Series^ in ac-
cordance with a proposition submitted by the editor in 1889, in
which he urged that the School would be charged only for the
cost of presswork and paper for its publications, that precedence
would be given to the work of the School in the " make-up "
of the Journal^ and that all discoveries could be described in a
general way in a bulletin sheet, and published within ten days
of the receipt of matter from the Committee. This arrange-
ment, in some of its details, proved impracticable, but the pub-
lication of the School's papers in the Journal was continued,
without interruption, until the First Series was closed in 1897.
Volume VI of the Papers of the School (446 pages) was made
up in 1897, under the editorial care of Professor Perrin, of
selected articles by members of the School which had appeared
in the Journal since 1890.
Since 1897, seventeen articles by members and officers of
the School and nearly as many more by former members
of the School, based more or less on their work in Greece,
have been published in the Journal of the Institute.
In addition to the regular publications of the School in its
volumes of Papers and in the Journal of the Institute^ the
School has published four Bulletins, and a Preliminary Report
of an Archaeological Journey by Professor Sterrett. The
first Bulletin contained the Report of Professor Goodwin, the
first Director of the School; the second Bulletin contained a
Memoir of Professor Packard, the second Director of the
School; the third Bulletin was a quarto preliminary publi-
cation of the Excavations at the Argive Heraeum, by Pro-
fessor Waldstein; the fourth Bulletin contained the Report
of Professor White, Professor at the School in 1893-94.
BULLETIN V 31
Within a few weeks we shall have in our hands the most
important publication of the School, — " The Argive Heraeum,"
by Professor Waldstein, assisted by several of the former stu-
dents of the School, — in two quarto volumes, with a profusion
of illustrations.
More than half of the members of the School last year were
engaged on definite subjects of research, — several on themes
connected with the recent excavation of the grotto at Vari in
southern Attica, others in connection with other explorations of
the students of this School in Acarnania, and so on. But expe-
rience has shown that not every student who has but a single
year for his work in Greece can afford to limit and concentrate
his investigations, as is necessary if his thesis is to have scien-
tific value. Even the student who has made respectable attain-
ments and has fair freedom in the use of the Modern Greek
language before going to Greece, finds that the opportunities
for travel, as well as the openings for learning new truth on
every side, are too alluring to be thrust aside. Our own School
now makes regular tours, conducted by the Director, in cen-
tral and southern Greece, in addition to expeditions to Salamis,
Marathon, Sunium, Eleusis, Phyle, and other points in Attica.
The situation has changed greatly since the time when the Greek
government hardly liked to have a foreigner visit even Eleusis
without an escort of soldiers as a guard against brigands. When
our School was established, travel in Peloponnesus without a
dragoman and complete equipage was very wearing on physical
strength and nerves. The traveller would gladly have paid
more money and enjoyed more comforts. But now comfort-
able, or at least endurable, hostelries are found in all the most
frequented villages and towns. Professor Dorpfeld, the most
competent of all guides, conducts each year a party of scholars
through Peloponnesus and to Ithaca and Delphi ; he makes
another expedition on a specially chartered steamer to the
islands of the Aegean Sea, and another to the Troad. In the
spring of 1902 the journey through Peloponnesus began on
April 10, and lasted seventeen days ; that to the islands of the
Aegean began on May 2, and continued twelve days ; that to
Troy began on May 17, and continued about a week. Nearly
two months will be occupied by a scholar on these three tours.
32 AMERICAN . SCHOOL AT ATHENS
and his leader's indefatigable energy will leave him ready to
enjoy a rest for several days after his return. If the student
desires, as he should, to inspect excavations, or even to take
part in their conduct, another interruption is made in his special
researches. But this is not all. He is likely to desire to visit
the Greek lands in the west ; at least, he should have a fortnight
for Sicily, and a few days for Naples and Pompeii. Thus, clearly,
if a student is to prepare a thesis of scientific worth, with but a
single year in Greece, in general he should have selected his
subject and have done the preliminary work in that field before
going to Athens.
While this principle remains true, that the student who has
but a year for Greece and Greek lands will need most of his
time for becoming acquainted in a general way with the coun-
try, the language, the people, the ruins, and the museums,
without devoting himself primarily to a special limited subject
of investigation, yet experience has shown that students in
their first year of residence may make archaeological discov-
eries of interest and importance. For instance, just ten years
ago Mr. De Cou, in the first of his six years of residence at
Athens, "made the surprising discovery that all the well-
known text-books and the later writers on the interesting
reliefs " of the monument of Lysicrates " had based their esti-
mate of this work on inaccurate representations of the sequence
of figures in the relief," all having copied their illustrations
from the original publication of Stuart and Revett, in which
two of the drawings had been misplaced. Four years later
Mr. Andrews, coming to Athens immediately after his gradua-
tion as Bachelor of Arts at Cornell University, recovered from
the nail holes of the lost bronze letters on the east architrave
of the Parthenon the inscription in honor of Nero. The story
of this work Mr. Andrews told to the general meeting of the
Institute two years ago. The achievement, by its ingenuity
and daring, won from scholars abroad as hearty applause as
was given by the audience to its story.
A year after Mr. Andrews' exploit, Mr. Ebersole of Iowa, in
an almost equally daring manner, by the use of rope ladders,
made a more careful study than had before been made of the
west metopes of the Parthenon. This work did not require the
BULLETIN V 33
ingenuity of Mr. Andrews' feat, but no one had ventured to
undertake it previously. And last year Mr. Weller of Yale,
also in his first year at Athens, made a small but interesting
addition to our knowledge of the earlier Propylaea of the
Athenian Acropolis, and not only saw but also proved the
opportunity for excavations in the grotto of Apollo, Pan, and
the Nymphs at Vari, in southern Attica, which, according to
our Director, yielded more abundant results than any other of
like expense within his knowledge. While I am speaking
of daring acts in connection with the Acropolis, I should like
to tell how Mr. C. N. Brown, a Harvard man, caused himself to
be suspended outside of the wall of the Acropolis, and read
various ancient inscriptions which had been built into this wall
long ago, and could not be read from below; this, however,
was in his second year of residence at the School, and I cannot
here tell of all the good ideas and achievements of our American
students in Greece.
But as a rule, though a rule with illustrious exceptions, a
student who is in Greece for but a single year cannot expect to
achieve distinction by a special archaeological discovery in this
year, unless he brings unusual attainments, and we must not
think either him or the School at fault if no published tract tes-
tifies at once to' his diligence in Greece ; the influence of his life
there may appear in many later publications and in the intelli-
gent enthusiasm with which he teaches his classes on his return.
The American School at Athens has had in all, in these
twenty years of its life and work, one hundred and twenty-
seven students, of whom thirty have been women, and others
who have enjoyed its privileges for weeks or even months, but
have not been enrolled as regular members. The regular
students received their first academic degrees at fifty-two dif-
ferent colleges : twenty-one at Harvard, fourteen at Yale, nine
at Cornell, six at Michigan ; four each at Bryn Mawr, Columbia,
Smith, and Vassar ; three each at Dartmouth, Vermont, and
Wellesley ; two each at Amherst, Brown, Chicago, Johns Hop-
kins, Mt. St. Mary's,, Radcliffe, Swarthmore, and Wesleyan ;
one each at Albion, Allegheny, Barnard, Beloit, Bloomington,
Bowdoin, Christian University of Missouri, Cincinnati, Deni-
son, Findlay, Hamilton, Haverford, Illinois, Kentucky, Knox,
34 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
Lebanon Valley, Luther, Mt, Holyoke, Missouri, New York
University, Ohio Wesleyan, Olivet, Pennsylvania College, Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, Richmond, Rochester, Rutgers, South-
western Presbyterian, Trinity, Tufts, Waynesburg, Williams,
and Wilmington. Truly a long list, and one which shows
that interest in classical studies is not confined to the largest
institutions.
Fifty-seven of the number have received the degree of Master
of Arts at thirty-one different institutions: ten at Harvard,
seven at Columbia, five at Yale, four at Michigan, two each at
Brown, Cornell, and Wellesley, and one each at twenty-five
other colleges and universities.
Forty-five of the number have attained the degree of Ph.D.,
at seventeen different universities, — ten at home, and seven
abroad: eight each at Harvard and Johns Hopkins, six at
Yale, five at Munich, three each at Columbia and Leipzig,
two at Cornell, and one each at Athens, Berlin, Bonn, Boston,
Bryn Mawr, Freiburg, Heidelberg, Pennsylvania, Princeton,
and Syracuse.
Twenty- eight haf e remained in residence at Athens for two
or more years, — one, Mr. De Cou, having been a member of the
School for five years.
Possibly, at some future time, the students who are devoting
themselves wholly to the study of archaeology and are able to
undertake advanced researches, may be separated formally at
the School from those who seek the aid of classical archaeology
as a handmaid to philology, architecture, or the like. But the
time for this division does not seem to have come. Such
division is now unnecessary, because of the independence of
the work of each member of the School ; it is impracticable,
since some who are advanced in certain subjects are less so in
others, — the preparation brought from America being so di-
verse ; and it is undesirable, since the mutual stimulus and
help of the students is one of the most important privileges
which the School offers.
Of the twenty-eight students who have remained in residence
at Athens for more than one year, sixteen (if I am right in my
interpretation of the records) have been on Fellowships: four
have been Fellows of the School for both years of residence ;
BULLETIN V 35
five Fellows of Yale for both years, and one a Fellow of Har-
vard for both years. Six of the twenty-eight have held Fellow-
ships in the School for the last year or years of their residence,
having held for the first year of residence Fellowships of uni-
versities at home, — two of Columbia, and one each of Bryn
Mawr, Harvard, Michigan, and Yale. This indicates the strong
influence of the Fellowships in the encouragement of advanced
and continued research, and leads us to the consideration of the
development of the Fellowship system.
The truth was seen at the very beginning of the history of
the School, In the earliest circular of the Managing Com-
mittee, dated December 20, 1881, asking for the cooperation of
the colleges in the support of the School, the desire is expressed
that "each of the institutions sharing in the support of the
School should undertake to offer to its students one or more
Fellowships for a residence of not less than two years at the
School, to be obtained as the reward for distinguished profi-
ciency in classical studies during the undergraduate course."
The reader will observe in passing that the possibility of grad-
uate courses of study before, and in preparation for, the work
in Greece was not yet considered. Again in January, 1884,
the Chairman sent a circular letter to the supporting colleges
urging the "advantages to be gained by the creation of
travelling scholarships to facilitate the attendance at the
School of graduates of moderate means." For several years
Yale was the only college to respond to this suggestion,
although occasionally the holder of a travelling fellowship
spent a year in Greece at the School. The Soldiers' Memorial
Fellowship, with an annual income of $600, which was founded
at Yale " in special remembrance of William Wheeler " (whom
I have named as the companion of Timothy Dwight and Lewis
R. Packard in their visit to Greece in 1858), is awarded when
vacant to one of those who devote themselves to the study of
Greek. In 1883 the provisions of the gift were so changed
as to allow the incumbent to spend the whole or part of his
time in Greece, in the School at Athens, and for these nine-
teen years the Fellowship has been so administered as to make
it virtually a Fellowship of the School; those who have re-
ceived it have been expected to study at the School; eight
36 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
have held it at Athens, and six of these have remained there
for two years. ^ Twenty-one others of the students of the
School have held " travelling Fellowsliips " : three from Har-
vard (Parker, Rogers, and Van Rensselaer Fellowships), three
from Columbia (Drisler and Greek Fellowships, and Fellow-
ship in Letters), three from Bryn Mawr, one from Cornell, one
from Chicago, and one from the Women's Educational Associa-
tion. In 1889 the Jones Classical Scholarship, with an income
of §500, was established at the University of Michigan in honor
of the late Professor Elisha Jones. This Scholarship may be
held for two years, and the second year may be spent in
the School at Athens. Three of the holders of this Scholar-
ship have been students of the School. The Drisler Fellow-
ship is intended to afford a like opportunity to students of
Columbia University. In 1897 Mrs. Eliza W. S. P. Field
bequeathed to the School $1000, in memory of her husband,
John White Field of Philadelphia, with the direction that
the income should accumulate until with the principal the
fund should be sufficient to endow a Scholarship. In 1898 the
Agnes Hoppin Memorial Fellowship, with an income of f 1000,
was founded by Mrs. Hoppin, Miss Hoppin, and Professor
Joseph Clark Hoppin, to be awarded to young women. For
three years this has been awarded on evidence of fitness, with-
out an examination, but hereafter candidates for this will take
the ordinary Fellowship examinations. In the spring of 1900
Mr. James Loeb of New York established at Harvard Univer-
sity the Charles Eliot Norton Fellowship in Greek Studies, with
an income of $600 ; its incumbent is to pursue his studies at
the American School at Athens, and to devote himself to the
investigation of some special subject. Competition for this
Fellowship is open to members of the Senior Class in Harvard
College and of the Graduate School of Harvard University, and
to Seniors and Graduate students of Radcliffe College. The
award is to be made annually by a committee appointed by
1 1 trust that the reader will understand that a Yale teacher does not give
the foregoing illustration of the influence of Fellowships with the thought
that the university is rendering a service to the School in sending students to
Greece ; I desire only to show by an example of nineteen years' standing the
service which such Fellowships, through the School, may render to classical
scholarship in America.
BULLETIN V 37
the Department of the Classics; the first incumbent of this
Fellowship is now at the School.
In 1895, the Council of the Archaeological Institute and the
Managing Committee of the School, influenced chiefly by argu-
ments presented by Professor White,^ who had just returned
from Athens after his year of service as Professor of the School,
and had had a clear view of the work done in Greece by students
of our own and the other schools, each established a Fellow-
ship with a stipend of $600, to be awarded chiefly on the basis
of a competitive examination. The appointment is for a year,
but for special reasons, and particularly for the completion of a
definite piece of work, the Fellow may be once reappointed
without examination.
The papers set in the Fellowship examinations have been
published with the annual reports of the School. They are
set in seven departments, — Greek archaeology, Greek archi-
tecture, Greek sculpture, Greek vases, Greek epigraphy. Modern
Greek, and Pausanias. The work done by the candidates in
these examinations, as a rule, has been thoroughly creditable.
The number of candidates has varied from three or four to ten.
The three Fellows of the present academic year were all mem-
bers of the School during the previous year, and we may expect,
generally, the students who have had the advantage of a year's
study in Greece to pass a better examination in Modern Greek,
Athenian topography, and the like, than those who have never
been out of America. But curiously enough, the best of the
examinations in the Modern Greek language seems to have been
passed by one who had seen no Greeks but fruit-sellers and
flower-sellers in one of our cities, and others have shown that
an excellent acquaintance with the elements of classical archae-
ology can be secured in America ; so that candidates who have
not been in Greece need not thereby be discouraged. Our
School has now had thirteen Fellows appointed on examination,
of whom three have held the Fellowship for two years, and
two others have been subsequently appointed to the Agnes
Hoppin Memorial Fellowship. One has been appointed Agnes
Hoppin Fellow without an examination, but after a year's ob-
servation of her work at the School.
1 See Professor White's report in the Fourth Bulletin of the School.
88 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
The Fellowships have accomplished what was expected of
them. They have raised the standards of our students in
Greece by stimulating them to a better preparation for work
at Athens and by concentrating their energies on a single sub-
ject of research, and they have aided materially in steadying
the attendance of the students during the last part of the
School year, when the temptation is strong to move north-
ward, but when valuable work can still be done in Greece.
Of the 127 students of the School, some are still in Greece ;
others are completing their studies in preparation for their life
work, in Germany or this country; five are dead; four of the
young women have married, and abandoned archaeology ; and
a very few others have turned from the fields of classical
studies. The rest are teaching in twenty-two of the United
States and in the District of Columbia, and in the School of
Classical Studies in Rome, while another (of Greek birth) has
been Assistant Professor in the University of Athens. They
are exerting their influence for the best scholarship from Maine
to California, and from Minnesota and South Dakota to Georgia.
For example, in the University of Chicago: Professor Shorey
has been both student and professor of our School, Professor
Tarbell has twice been the head of its administration in Greece,
while Professor Buck, Professor Capps, Professor Thatcher,
and Dr. Hussey have been its students. In Ohio, former
members of our School occupy chairs at the Western Reserve
University, Kenyon, Ohio Wesleyan, Marietta, and Wooster,
while another is teaching in the Rayen School of Youngstown.
That the members of the School came from more than fifty
colleges was seen from an earlier statement. That they are
now teaching in more than forty colleges and about ten
schools, shows that their influence is not limited to a few
institutions or a narrowly confined section. The oldest of the
former members of the School is probably not yet fifty years
of age, while others are just beginning independent work, and
each year sees them in more important positions. In the list
of the students of the School, with their academic record, in
my opinion, lies the firmest basis of the School's claim for the
sympathy and support of all friends of sound learning.
Among the objects clearly in mind in the establishment of
BULLETIN V 39
our School at Athens was, as stated in the very first regulation,
" to cooperate with the Archaeological Institute of America, as
far as it may be able, in conducting the exploration and exca-
vation of classic sites." The thought was a natural one, since
the Institute at the time when this regulation was framed, was
conducting excavations on the site of Assos.
The earliest work of the School in excavation was begun in
April, 1886, at the theatre at Thoricus, on the eastern coast of
Attica. The recent statement by Dr. Dorpfeld of his belief
that the Greek theatres of the classical period had no raised
stage was attracting much attention, and with excellent judg-
ment Professor Allen held that valuable evidence might be
secured from the remains of a rural theatre, remote from the
influence of the city, which presumably would have been left
unchanged in Roman times. The expectation was justified;
and this little theatre, of irregular form and rude construction,
is as yet our best example of a theatre in a small rural deme of
Attica. Unfortunately, illness prevented Professor Allen from
overseeing much of the work at Thoricus, and carrying it to
its conclusion.
In the spring of 1887, excavations were begun by Professor
D'Ooge, the Director for the year, at Sicyon, and in particular
at the theatre there, with special reference to the same problem
of the stage which had led to the selection of the theatre at
Thoricus for the first excavations of the School. These exca-
vations at Sicyon were continued by Professor D'Ooge's suc-
cessor. Professor Merriam, in December, 1887, when the head
and torso of an ApoUine or Dionysiac type was found.
Professor Merriam's chief enterprise in excavation, however,
was at the modern Dionyso, — confirming absolutely Milch-
hoefer's conjecture that this was the ancient deme Icaria, the
home of Thespis and of the earliest Attic drama, — bringing to
light not only inscriptions, torsos, and an interesting atele^ but
also parts of a colossal head of the bearded Dionysus of fine
archaic art. The old stories of Thespis and Solon assumed an
air of greater truth, at once, when evidence was found of the
worship of Dionysus at Icaria in the sixth century B.C. and of
theatrical representations there in the next century.
In the winter of 1888-89 the site of the ancient deme Plotheia
40 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
was identified at the modern Stamata, not far from Icaria, by
excavations at the expense of Dr. Washington, who for a series
of years proved his interest in the active work of the School.
Later in the year trial excavations were made in Boeotia, —
first for three weeks at Anthedon, then for a few days at Thisbe,
and finally, with a larger force of men, at Plataea, where a large
fragment of the preamble to the Edict of Diocletian was found.
These excavations at Plataea were resumed and continued in
the following year.
In the early spring of 1891 Dr. Waldstein began excavations
at Eretria, exploring the theatre, which proved to be of unusual
interest, with a subterranean passage leading from the centre
of the orchestra to the stage building. He also opened several
ancient tombs, including one which contained gold ornaments
and writing materials.
In 1892 the Director had at his disposal for the work of
excavations a much larger sum than before, the Archaeological
Institute having appropriated $2500 toward excavations on the
site of the Argive Heraeum, while further work of exploration
was done at Eretria and Sicyon, and Dr. Washington dug at
Phlius, and some explorations of topographical importance were
made at Sparta. The work at the Argive Heraeum centred
about the second temple, but explorative trenches were dug on
other parts of the site. At the west end of the second temple
was found a " curious layer of black earth " in which were
" archaic bronze objects, amber beads, some gold and silver
rings, terra-cotta ornaments, fragments of early vases, bone
needles, stone seals, etc." A considerable number of the
marble sculptured ornaments of the second temple were
found, in a rather fragmentary condition, and a life-size head
of "Hera" with which we have now become familiar. The
excavations at the Heraeum were continued during the three
following years, and brought to light ruins of a far more
extended complex of buildings in connection with the ancient
sanctuary than had been known or supposed to exist. These
are the most extensive excavations undertaken by the School,
and are among the most important which have been conducted
in Greece. Their cost was nearly $16,000, without reckoning
the salaries of the officers of the School, and about half this
BULLETIN V 41
expense was borne by the Institute ; special gifts provided for
most of the remainder, only about $1600 being taken from the
general chest of the School. The results of these excavations
are now in the printer's hands, and will soon be published on
the joint responsibility of the Institute and the School.
Dr. Richardson, returning to Athens as Director in 1893,
resumed in 1894 the excavations at Eretria in which he had
taken part when in Greece, as Professor in the School, three
years before. In 1896 he continued the explorations at Ere-
tria, and made slight excavations at Kukunari, near Icaria,
which brought to light a Sacrificial Calendar of the first half
of the fourth century B.C., "prescribing the bringing of certain
offerings at certain dates, and giving the prices of victims to
be offered.'-
In the spring of 1896 the Director began, on the site of
ancient Corinth, excavations which are already next in impor-
tance to those at the Heraeum, of all the similar undertakings
of the School. The enterprise was recognized at once as of
great difficulty and extent. The ancient city, which in wealth
and magnificence was second only to Athens, extended over a
plain which contained no landmarks that had been recognized
and identified by modern scholarship. No one knew even to
what divinity the old temple had been sacred, of which the
seven monolithic Doric columns are familiar to all travellers and
all students of architecture. The latest attempt to determine
by the spade the site of the ancient market-place had been made
half a mile from the place where our excavations found it. The
site of the ancient theatre was discovered in the work of the first
year. Then the fountain Pirene was uncovered, and the temple
of seven columns was determined to be that of Apollo. The
fountain Glauce was discovered. The limits of the market-
place were fixed, and a third ancient fountain disclosed, with
interesting remains of architecture and sculpture, some being
quite unusual. The topography of the ancient city is now
clearly defined. The number of inscriptions found is notably
small, and we are led to conclude that the other Greeks (per-
haps I ought to make an exception of the Delphians) did not
engrave their records so freely as the Athenians. Doubtless
the abundance of excellent stone for the purpose at Athens
42 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
may account in part for the extraordinary abundance of inscrip-
tions in that city. At any rate, the Athenians made far more
permanent records than the Corinthians.
The School claims a share, also, of the credit for the inter-
esting explorations of one of its Fellows, Miss Boyd, conducted
on behalf of the School, though at her own expense, at Kavousi
in Crete, in the spring of 1900.
The chief excavations of the School, then, have been those at
the Argive Heraeum and Corinth ; the former is completed, the
latter has attained important results, but is by no means con-
cluded. Of the other similar undertakings of the School, the
work at Icaria brought the most interesting results, furnishing,
as it did, evidence with regard to the earliest home of Athenian
drama, which had long been regarded as entirely legendary in
character. The School has excavated, also, the ancient thea-
tres at Thoricus, Sicyon, and Eretria, thus adding important
evidence toward the fuller understanding of the externals of
the Greek drama; the theatre at Corinth has been found, but
is not yet cleared of the earth which has accumulated over the
ruins. Plataea is better known because of our excavations
there, and minor explorations have been made at Anthedon
and Thisbe in Boeotia, and at Sparta and Phlius in Pelopon-
nesus, and, in the last year, at Oeniadae in Acarnania, and in
the Grotto of Vari in southern Attica. In addition to Icaria,
the site of the deme Plotheia has been identified. A frag-
ment of the Edict of Diocletian has been found ; a Sacrificial
Calendar, the oldest known inscriptions in the Argive alphabet,
and a number of minor inscriptions, have been among the dis-
coveries of the School's excavations. On the site of the Heraeum
were found a noteworthy " Hera " head and a number of lesser
sculptures; at Icaria, some fine archaic bits; at Sicyon, a fine
male statue ; at Corinth, a number of colossal statues and frag-
ments, — some of them being of quite unusual style, and worthy
of careful study, and one statue of great importance, — and the
lintel of the old Synagogue of the Jews.
The excavations conducted by the School have added to the
world's sum of archaeological knowledge. They have also given
to the School prestige in Greece which could not easily have been
acquired otherwise, and which is of value for our work. We at
BULLETIN V 43
home may not easily appreciate the importance which is attached
to such activity by scholars in Greece, who are in the midst of
discoveries of archaeological facts and monuments, — who are,
like the Athenians, of old, ever eager to hear or to tell some new
thing. The chief value of our excavations as a whole, however,
for our present purpose, — for the School itself, — lies in the
stimulus which they have afforded to the students, by the fur-
nishing of absolutely fresh material for study. Here these
were thrown on their own resources. They could go to no
high authorities, and determine their own judgments by the
weight of names. They were obliged to come to their own inde-
pendent conclusions, on comparison with what was previously
known. One of the early Directors wrote in his report to the
Committee : " Only by undertaking original explorations can
the School hope to fulfil its complete mission. The influence
of such work upon its students, even when not themselves
engaged in it, is most inspiring." For this end less expen-
sive and extensive excavations, indeed, may suffice as well as
those which cost not only more money, but also more of the
time of the Director and his associates ; to distract the atten-
tion of the students from their researches, that they may act
as overseers of excavations for a considerable period, may not
be wise. By good judgment and good fortune the excavations
in the spring of 1901 in the Grotto of Vari — which cost in all
less than f50 — furnished material which stimulated the stu-
dents to the writing of more papers than the excavations for
weeks at Corinth had done. But one cannot be sure that $50
or $500 expended in digging will produce such results as those
at Vari.
I received, not long ago, a personal letter from Dr. Dorp-
feld, the honored head of the Athenian branch of the German
Archaeological Institute, urging that on no account should the
excavations of our School at Corinth be interrupted, and ex-
pressing surprise that means were not forthcoming to prosecute
them with still greater vigor. He advised, in particular, that
a well trained architect should be provided. He thinks that
Americans do not appreciate what has been done on that site,
nor the greatness of the opportunity which is open to them, else
they would give their ungrudging support to the enterprise.
44 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
The German Institute receives from its government about §5000
a year for its excavations in Greece ; the French School, too,
has large appropriations at its command for such use ; the Eng-
lish are making extensive explorations in Crete. " Only the
Americans, from whom the most is expected, stand back." The
excavations at Corinth not only have been attended by good
fortune, but also have been conducted wisely. Fewer inscrip-
tions have been found than were expected, but in nothing else
has the reality fallen short of reasonable expectations. Salomon
Reinach, indisputably a good judge, has said that the cost has
been insignificant in comparison with the results.
The expenditures of the School for excavations, beginning
with the first at Thoricus in 1886, have been about $16,000,
of which most was given for this specific work. The School
has received in addition from the Institute more than $9000 to
be expended for excavations under the care of our Director —
making in all about $25,000 for excavations. More than half
of this sum was expended at the Argive Heraeum. That the
exact sum received cannot be stated is due to the fact that
during the early years of the School some generous travel-
lers, becoming interested in the explorations which they visited,
gave directly to the Director of the School, for the furtherance
of the work, sums which do not appear in the accounts of the
Treasurer.
The first home of the School at Athens was a fairly spacious
apartment on the 'OSo? 'A/iaX/a?, not far from the Temple of
Olympian Zeus. The selection was wise, but this could not
remain a permanent arrangement. For five years this apart-
ment was used, but the lease was abandoned in 1887, — in the
hope that the new building would be ready for use by October
of that year ; but unexpected delays occurred, and Professor
Merriam took rooms at the IStt/ta MeXa, which served as the
headquarters of the School until April, 1888, when the books
of the library were removed to the new building on the south-
eastern slope of Lycabettus.
For this new home of the School the Greek government, in
1886, generously gave a building site of about an acre and
a half of land immediately adjoining the ground of the British
SchooL Plans were prepared under the direction of Professor
Tkextbe KT ?'ICV>
BULLETm V 45
Ware, of the Columbia School of Architecture, and one of his
students, Mr. Trowbridge, spent nearly two years in Greece
engaged in the supervision of the erection of the building.
The value of the land was estimated at 70,000 drachmae, — at
that time, I believe, about equivalent to $13,000. The cost of
the house was rather more than $30,000 in addition to substan-
tial gifts of an iron staircase extending from cellar to roof,
hardware, mantelpieces, etc., — gifts mainly secured by Pro-
fessor Ware. Several thousand dollars have been expended
during the last dozen years in improvements for the house and
grounds, including the introduction of electricity. Thus we
may count the house and grounds as worth not less than
$46,000, particularly since many good houses have been built
recently in that part of the city, and the value of land must
have risen distinctly. The building is well suited to its pur-
pose, containing comfortable apartments for the Director and
his family, a fine large library room, and half a dozen chambers
for students. It is entirely dignified and worthy of the School
and our country* It shows, however, that the School has been
conducted with careful economy ; the library is a beautiful room
with fine proportions, but it is distinctly a work-room and is
plainly furnished.
The improvement since 1886 to the north of the house and
the grounds has been very great. There are olives on the
lower part of the lot, but the most earnest endeavors to cause
other trees to grow have failed. Droughts have been most
destructive, in spite of irrigation; a careless bonfire of peas-
ants destroyed others, and an evil fate seems to have rested
on the plantation. But shrubs have grown well, and the
attractive whole presents a marked contrast to its appearance
fifteen years ago. The site at first had little to commend it
except the immediate proximity of the British School, and the
fine view which it commanded. It was far from the hotels, the
museums, the acropolis, the shops ; it was convenient only to
a hospital and to the summit of Lycabettus. The field was
part of an old and ill-kept olive yard. It was bounded on one
side by a ravine (;^a/3cfS/3a), rough and rude through most of
the year, along which a mountain torrent rushed from Lyca-
bettus after every hard rain, more than once undermining our
46 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
wall. The bed of this torrent has now been made into a decent
and passable street, and our present wall seems likely to stand
firm. The region about the School is now building up well.
The slow tram-car which ran only once in half an hour (and
even that time-table had the reputation of being highly uncer-
tain) now runs more frequently, — if not much more rapidly.
Promises of boarding-houses nearer than half a mile away have
been made, and may be kept. The British School has a hostel,
or dormitory, for its students on the lower part of its lot. Per-
haps our School, too, at some time may have a similar dwelling.
The half-dozen students who have rooms in our building have
their morning coffee and rolls there, but the Director cannot be
expected to keep a boarding-house for the students.
In its outlays for the School, the Committee has determined
its expenses by its income. The margin between the income
and the necessary expenses, however, has never been large, and
the credit balance at the close of one year was only $3.46. The
colleges and universities of our country, as has been said, have
been the chief supporters of the School. Up to August 31,
1901, it seems to have received from the supporting colleges
$76,581.50; as interest on deposits and from the endowment
fund, up to the same time, it received about $28,500 (beginning
with 1888-89). The receipts of the School from its two main
sources, then, have been about $104,000. If to this be added
special gifts,, particularly for excavations, and the sums received
annually in support of the Agnes Hoppin Memorial Fellow-
ship, the total of receipts for current expenses is raised to about
$112,000 at the close of the nineteenth financial year, or about
$120,000 during the first twenty years of the School. If to this
are added the nearly $30,000 received for the building, and
about $70,000 for the permanent endowment fund, the grand
total of receipts amounts to $220,000.
In reply to the question why the necessary endowment fund
has not already been secured, perhaps it is enough to call atten-
tion to the fact that the Managing Committee is made up
almost entirely of college professors, and that these are seldom
skilled in securing gifts of money for any object, while each
of them has in his own special department of work, in his
own institution, some object for which he desires money more
BULLETIN V 47
earnestly even than for the School at Athens. Thus, while
the Managing Committee of the School has, been most sym-
pathetic and most competent for the guidance of the School,
it has not been constituted with a view to securing an ample
endowment.
The chief item of the School's expenses naturally has been
the Director's salary and allowances, — about $41,000 in the
score of years. Next would come excavations, for which the
School has expended about $16,000. The bills for printing
during fourteen years, when the School published separate
Reports and volumes of Papers, amounted to about $11,400;
this being almost exactly $800 a year formed the basis for
the School's present contribution to the Journal of the Institute^
in which its Reports and Papers are now printed. Reckoning
in this account the $4000 which have been contributed to the
Journal^ we find that about $16,400 have been paid for print-
ing, or very nearly the same as for excavations. If we add
the sums now expended for the publication of the work done
at the Argive Heraeum, the expense for printing exceeds
by $2000 the expense for excavations. For the library, i.e,
books and binding, including gifts of our friends, nearly
$11,000 has been expended. Including a generous gift of the
Hon. John Hay and the appropriations for the present year,
about $12,600 will have been devoted to the library in twenty
years* The collection of books still has some gaps, but it has
become an excellent working library. This is of such impor-
tance to the researches of the students that the appropriations
for it cannot be reduced, and the School is under special obliga-
tions to the benefactors of its library.
The Treasurer's Financial Statement, as I have said, always
shows a balance in favor of the School. But this must not be
misunderstood to indicate that the School has all the money
which it needs or could use to advantage. A Secretary of
the School in Greece (not to be confounded with the Secre-
tary of the Managing Committee at home) could (as I have
said) render important assistance to the Director, relieving
him from certain routine cares and thus securing him leisure
for more important duties, while aiding the students, and still
having time for researches of his own. All would be glad.
48 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
I presume, to have the Director's salary increased, that he
might be able to leave Greece oftener in order to spend the
summer in cooler climes. All would be glad, I know, to have
the allowance for the expenses of the Professor increased.
This allowance at present is but $500, which barely pays the
travelling expenses of the Professor and his wife to and from
Greece by the least expensive route. The Director ought to
have at least $500 or $750 in his hands each year to spend in
excavations, — irrespective of great undertakings like that at
Corinth. Two or three thousand dollars could be expended
at once to advantage on the house and grounds at Athens.
Among other things a good stereopticon is needed for use at
public meetings. The appropriation for the library should be
increased, unless kind friends not only continue but increase
their gifts to this object. I have hoped that some friend
would endow the directorship, or a professorship, or a secre-
taryship, or another fellowship, or would give the money for
a hostel.
But while the School needs a larger income than it has at
present, on the other hand the amount to be contributed by
each college should be reduced. The colleges entered into the
plan for its support in the hope that they might not be asked
to contribute for more than three or four years, and with the
distinct expectation that the full endowment would be secured
within ten years. Some of them seem a little impatient. No
one, as I have said before, desires that the School shall be sepa-
rated from the special care of the colleges, but the annual con-
tribution expected from the college should be reduced from
$250 to $100. And the Managing Committee should know
that it is not only likely but even sure to have an income suf-
ficiently large for its needs, while the Director should not be
obliged to wait until March before he learns whether he is to
have funds to use for excavations in April. For its present
work the School needs a permanent endowment of at least
$150,000, with an additional income of $100 a year from each
of thirty colleges and universities.
The School has proved its usefulness. No one doubts its
beneficial influence on our higher education. Last year more
American scholars (including its officers) were in Greece for
BULLETIN V 49
study and research in connection with the School at Athens
than visited Greece for a stay of more than two months during
all the years of the nineteenth century before the School was
established. The School does not aim solely, nor perhaps
mainly, at training specialists in archaeology; it desires also,
and perhaps chiefly, to encourage on the part of classical
scholars archaeological study which will throw light upon
their classical studies and will give life to their teaching
and interpretation of literature. Most of the students of the
School do not find chairs of archaeology awaiting them at
home. Most of them will teach the classics to Freshmen and
Sophomores and in preparatory schools.
The School does not desire to limit the enjoyment of its
opportunities. It is a School of Classical Studies, and wel-
comes alike those who desire to become specialists in Archaeol-
ogy and those who wish to become better students and teachers
of Classical Philology. Attention has been called also more
than once to the opportunity which it offers to architects. Par-
ticularly in connection with the excavations at Corinth, an archi-
tect would find at once much new and interesting material to
study, with the right of first publication. When the School
was founded the linguistic study of Greek was more fashionable
than at present, and no one doubted that some of the students
would be interested in the study of Modern Greek in its rela-
tion to the ancient language ; but as yet none of the American
students have chosen this field of research, although the char-
acteristics of the popular language are gradually fading before
the efforts of the public schools to further the use of the literary
language. This field also should not lie fallow; the opportu-
nities for its cultivation are fewer and inferior each year. Stu-
dents of mediaeval art also would find in Greece much that
has had as yet comparatively little study, which presents great
beauty and many unsolved problems, and they would receive
at the School a welcome, the free use of an excellent library,
and helpful suggestions for their special work.
For the past the School has an honorable record, and with
the help of the friends of sound learning in America it is sure
of a still more honorable life of usefulness in the future.
Second
Story
PmiLDINC POIt T*JE
BULLETIN V 61
AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
MANAGING COMMITTEE AND DIRECTORATE
1881-1902
Chainnen of the Managinfi: Committee
Elected. BeBigned.
1881. JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE, of Harvard University, 1887.
1887. THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR, of Yale University, 1901.
1901. JAMES RIGNALL WHEELER, of Columbia Univeraity.
Managing Committee
1881. John Williams White, of Harvard University (ex officio, as
President of the Institute, since January 80, 1897).
* E. W. GuRNE Y, of Harvard University, 1883.
Albert Harkness, of Brown University.
* Thomas W. Ludlow, of Yonkers, N. Y., * 1894.
* Francis W. Palfrey, of Boston, * 1889.
Frederic J. de Peyster, of New York.
1882. * Henry Drisler, of Columbia University, *1897.
Basil L. Gildersleeve, of Johns Hopkins University.
William W. Goodwin, of Harvard University (ex officio, as
Director of the School, and from 1883 by election).
Charles Eliot Norton, of Harvard University (ex officio, as
President of the Institute, until 1890, and then by election).
* Lewis R. Packard, of Yale University, * 1884.
William M. Sloane, of Princeton University, 1897.
* William S. Tyler, of Amherst College, 1888.
* James C. Van Benschoten, of Wesleyan University, * 1902.
1883. Martin L. D'Ooge, of Michigan University.
1884. Thomas Day Seymour, of Yale University.
* John H. Wheeler, of the University of Virginia, * 1885.
1885. * Frederic Db Forest Allen, of Harvard University (ex
officio, as Director of the School), 1886.
Francis Brown, of Union Theological Seminary, 1898.
William Gardner Hale, of Cornell University (since 1892, of
the University of Chicago ; during 1895-99, ex officio, as Chair-
man of the Managing Committee of the School in Rome).
William R. Ware, of Columbia University.
* Augustus C. Merriam, of Columbia University, * 1895.
1886. * O. M. Fernald, of Williams College, * 1902.
I. T. Beckwith, of Trinity College, 1900.
52 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
Elected. Besigned.
1886. FiTz Gerald Tisdall, of the College of the City of New York.
Miss Alice E. Freeman, of Wellesley College, 1887.
H. M. Baird, of New York University.
1887. A. F. Fleet, of the University of Missouri, 1890.
William Pepper, of the University of Pennsylvania, 1889.
Miss A. C. Chapin, of Wellesley College.
1888. * Richard H. Mather, of Amherst College, * 1890.
Miss Abby Leach, of Vassar College.
Charles Waldstein, of Cambridge University, England (ea
officio, as Director and Professor of the School), 1897.
Frank B. Tarbell, of the University of Chicago (ex officio, as
Annual Director of the School), . 1889.
1889. Bernadottb Perrin, of Adelbert College of Western Reserve
University (since 1893, of Yale University).
William A. Lamberton, of the University of Pennsylvania.
S. Stanhope Orris, of Princeton University (ex offi,cio, as Annual
Director of the School), 1890.
1890. Henry Gibbons, of Amherst College (since 1894, of the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania).
Seth Low, of Columbia University (ex officio, as President of
the Archaeological Institute), 1897.
RuFus B. Richardson, of Dartmouth College (since 1893, ex
officio, as Director of the School).
1891. James R. Wheeler, of the University of Vermont (since 1896,
of Columbia University).
Mrs. Elizabeth S. Mead, of Mt. Holyoke College, 1899,
William Carey Poland, of Brown University (ex officio, as
Annual Director of the School, and from 1892 by election).
1892. Benjamin Idb Wheeler, of Cornell University (since 1899, of
the University of California).
Frank B. Tarbell, of the University of Chicago (ex officio, as
Secretary of the School, and from 1893 by election).
1893. Charles D. Adams, of Dartmouth College, 1900.
Abraham L. Fuller, of Adelbert College of Western Reserve
University.
Herbert Weir Smyth, of Bryn Mawr College (since 1901, of
Harvard University).
J. R. Sitlington Sterrett, of Amherst College (since 1901, of
Cornell University).
1896. Edward B. Clapp, of the University of California.
Gardiner M. Lane, of Boston.
Thomas D. Goodell, of Yale University (ex officio, as Professor
of the School), 1897.
Edgar A. Emens, of Syracuse University.
1896. George E. Howes, of the University of Vermont.
1897. S. R. WiNANS, of Princeton University.
John H. Wright, of Harvard University (ex officio, as Editor-
in-Chief of the Journal of the Institute) .
BULLETIN V 53
Elected. Beslgned.
1897. Alfred Emerson, of Cornell University (ex officio^ as Professor
of the School), 1899.
1898. Edward Delavan Perry, of Columbia University.
Miss Ellen F. Mason, of Boston.
Henry M. Tyler, of Smith College.
1899. Elmer Truesdell Merrill, of Wesleyan University (ex officio,
as Chairman of the Managing Committee of the School in
Rome), 1901.
Miss Louise F. Randolph, of Mt. Holyoke College.
1900. Joseph Clark Hoppin, of Bryn Mawr College.
George Dana Lord, of Dartmouth College.
1901. Andrew F. West, of Princeton University (eac officio, as Chair-
man of the Managing Committee of the School in Rome).
Harold N. Fowler, of Western Reserve University.
Horatio M. Reynolds, of Yale University.
Paul Shorey, of the University of Chicago (ex officio, as Pro-
fessor of the School).
H. De F. Smith, of Amherst College.
1902. W. N. Bates, of the University of Pennsylvania.
George F. Moore, of Harvard University (ex officio, as Chair-
man of the Managing Committee of the School in Palestine).
W. K. Prentice, of Princeton University.
H. N. Sanders, of Bryn Mawr College.
Directorate of the School
1882-1883
Director: William Watson Goodwin, Ph.D., LL.D., D.C.L., Eliot Professor
of Greek Literature in Harvard University.
1883-1884
Director: Lewis R. Packard, Ph.D., Hillhouse Professor of Greek in Yale
University. (Died October 26, I884.)
Secretary : J. R. Sitlington Sterrett, Ph.D., LL.D.
1884-1885
Director: James Cooke Van Benschoten, LL.D., Seney Professor of the
Greek Language and Literature in Wesleyan University, (Died January
17, 1902,)
1885-1886
Director : Frederic De Forest Allen, Ph.D., Professor of Classical Philology
in Harvard University. (Died August 4, 1897,)
1886-1887
Director: Martin L. D*Ooge, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Greek in the Uni-
versity of Michigan.
54 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
1887-1888
Director: Auoustus C. Mebriam, Ph.D., Professor of Greek Archaeology and
Epigraphy in Columbia University. (J)ied January 19, 1895.)
1888-1889
Director: Charles Waldstein, Ph.D., Litt.D., L.H.D., Reader in Classical
Archaeology in the University of Cambridge, England.
Annual Director : Fbank Bigelow Tabbell, Ph.D.
1889-1890
-Director; Charles Waldstein, Ph.D., Litt.D., L.H.D.
Annual Director: S. Stanhope Orris, Ph.D., L.H.D., E wing Professor of the
Greek Language and Literature in Princeton University.
1890-1891
Director: Charles Waldstein, Ph.D., Litt.D., L.H.D.
Annual Director: Rufus Btam Richard86n, Ph.D. (sometime Professor of
Greek in Dartmouth College), Director of the School.
1891-1892
Director: Charles Waldstein, Ph.D., Litt.D., L.H.D.
Annual Director: William Carey Poland, M.A., Professor of the History of
Art in Brown University.
1892-1893
Secretary : Frank Bigelow Tarbell, Ph.D., Professor of Greek Art and Epig-
raphy in the University of Chicago.
Professor of Art : Charles Waldstein, Ph.D., Litt.D., L.H.D.
Professor of the Greek Language and Literature: James R. Wheeler, Ph.D.,
Professor of Greek in the University of Vermont.
1893-1894
Director: Rurus Byam Richardson, Ph.D.
ProfessorofArt: Charles Waldstein, Ph.D., Litt.D., L.H.D.
Professor of the Greek Language and Literature: John Williams White,
Ph.D., LL.D., Litt.D., Professor of Greek in Harvard University.
1894-1895
Director: Rufus Byam Richardson, Ph.D.
ProfessorofArt: Charles Waldstein, Ph.D., Litt.D., L.H.D.
Professor of the Greek Language and Literature : Thomas D wight Goodell,
Ph.D., Professor of Greek in Yale University.
Architect : Edward L. Tilton, of New York.
BULLETIN V 55
1895-1896
Director: Rdfus Byam Richardson, Ph.D.
ProfesaorofArt: Charles Waldstbin, Ph.D., Litt.D., L.H.D.
Professor of the Greek Language and Literature: Benjamin Ide Wheeler,
Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Greek in Cornell University.
, 1896-1897
Director: Rufus Byam Richardson, Ph.D.
Professor of Art : Charles Waldstein, Ph.D., Litt.D., L.H.D.
Professor of the Greek Language and Literature : J. R. Sitlington Sterrett,
Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Greek in Amherst College.
1897-1898
Director: Rurus Byam Richardson, Ph.D.
Professor of Archaeology : Alfred Emerson, Ph.D., Professor of Archaeology
in Cornell University.
Lecturer on Greek Vases : Joseph Clark Hoppin, Ph.D.
1898-1899
Director: Rufus Byam Richardson, Ph.D.
Professor of Archaeology : Alfred Emerson, Ph.D.
Lecturer on Greek Literature: Miss Angib Clara Chapin, A.M., Professor of
Greek in Wellesley College.
1899-1900
Director: Ru^us Byam Richardson, Ph.D.
Professor of the Greek Language and Literature: Herbert Weir Smyth,
Ph.D., Professor of Greek in Bryn Mawr College.
1900-1901
Director: Rufus Byam Richardson, Ph.D.
Professor of the Greek Language and Literature : Edward Delavan Perry,
Ph.D., Jay Professor of Greek in Columbia University.
Secretary: Herbert Fletcher De Cou, A.B.
1901-1902
Director: Rufus Byam Richardson.
Professor of the Greek Language and Literature: Paul Shorey, Ph.D., Pro-
fessor of Greek in the University of Chicago.
1902-1903
Director: Rufus Byam Richardson, Ph.D.
Professor of the Greek Language and Literature : George E. Howes, Ph.D.,
Professor of Greek in the University of Vermont.
Secretary: Theodore Woolsey Heermance, Ph.D,
68 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
Frank Cole Babbitt, 1896-96, A.B. (Harvard University, 1890), A.M. (Har-
vard University, 1892), Ph.D. (Harvard University, 1896), Fellow of the
School (1896-96), Instructor in Greek in Harvard University (1896-98),
Instructor in Greek in Trinity College (1898-99), Professor of Greek in
Trinity College, 1899-,
Trinity College^ Hartford^ Conn,
William Wilson Baden, 1897-98, A.B. (Johns Hopkins University, 1881), LL.B,
(University of Maryland, 1883), Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins University, 1892),
Professor of Greek and Latin in the Central University of Kentucky,
Central University^ Bichmond, Ky.
Miss Agnes Baldwin, 1900-02, A.B. (Barnard College, 1897), A.M. (Columbia
University, 1900), Fellow in Greek of Columbia University (1900-01), Agnes
Hoppin Memorial Fellow of the School (1901-02),
Athens^ Greece.
Miss Winifred Ball, 1901-02, A.B. (Cornell University, 1891), University
Scholar of Cornell University (1888-91), Teacher in the School for Girls,
Philadelphia (1892-94), Instructor in Vassar College (1896-99),
Athens^ Greece,
Samuel Eliot Bassett, 1900-02, A.B. (Yale University, 1898), Soldiers' Memo-
rial Fellow of Yale University (1899-1901), Fellow of the School (1901-02),
Instructor in Greek in Yale University,
Yale University^ New Haven, Conn.
William Nickerson Bates, 1897-98,$ A.B. (Harvard University, 1890), A.M.
(Harvard University, 1891), Ph.D. (Harvard University, 1893), Instructor
in Greek in Harvard University (1893-96), Instructor in Greek in the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, 1895-, Assistant Professor of Greek and of Classical
Archaeology in the University of Pennsylvania, 1900-,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
Paul Badr, 1897-99, Ph.D. (University of Heidelberg, 1900), Lecturer on
Classical Archaeology in the University of Cinciimati (1901), Acting Pro-
fessor of Classical Archaeology and of the History of Art in the University
of Missouri (1901-02), Instructor in Classical Archaeology in Yale University,
Yale University, New Haven, Conn.
Louis Bevier, 1882-83,t A.B. (Rutgers College, 1878), A.M. (Rutgers Col-
lege), Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins University, 1881), Professor of Greek in
Rutgers College,
Butgers College, New Brunswick, N.J.
Miss Harriet Ann Boyd, 1896-97, 1898-1900, A.B. (Smith College, 1892),
Fellow of the School (1898-99), Agnes Hoppin Memorial Fellow of the
School (1899-1900), Instructor in Greek in Smith College,
Northampton, Mass.
Walter Ray Bridgman, 1883-84, A.B. (Yale University, 1881), A.M. (Miami
University, 1891, and Yale University, 1892), Soldiers' Memorial Fellow of
Yale University (1882-84), Tutor in Greek in Yale University (1884-88),
Professor of Greek in Miami University (1888-91), Professor of Greek in
Lake Forest University, 1891-,
Lake Forest University, Lake Forest, HI.
t Absent part of the year.
BULLETIN V 69
Carroll Nbid6 Brown, 1896-98, A.B. and A.M. (Harvard University, 1891),
Ph.D. (Harvard University, 1900), Fellow of the School, Assistant in
Classics in Harvard University, Instructor in Wesleyan Academy, In-
structor in the Asheville School, 1900-,
Asheville, N,C,
Carleton Lewis Brownson, 1890-92, A.B. (Yale University, 1887), Ph.D.
(Yale University, 1897), Soldiers' Memorial Fellow of Yale University
(1890-92), Instructor in Greek in Yale University (1892-97), Assistant
Professor of Greek in the College of the City of New York, 1897-,
College of the City of New York^ New Yoi% N Y.
Carl Darling Buck, 1887-89, A.B. (Yale University, 1886), Ph.D. (Yale Uni-
versity, 1889), Lamed Scholar of Yale University (1886-88), Soldiers'
Memorial Fellow of Yale University (1888-89), Assistant Professor of
Comparative Philology in the University of Chicago (1892-94), Associate
Professor (1894-1900), Professor of Sanscrit and Comparative Philology,
1900-,
University of Chicago^ Chicago^ III.
Miss Mary Hyde Buckingham, 1892-93, Harvard Society for the Collegi-
ate Instruction of Women (1890) ; Newnham Classical Scholar (1891) ;
Foreign Fellow of the Woman's Educational Association of Boston
(1892-98),
71^ Pinckney Street^ Boston^ Mass,
Edward Capps, 1893-94, A.B. (Illinois College, 1887), Ph.D. (Yale Uni-
versity, 1891), Instructor in Illinois College (1887-88), Tutor in Yale
University (1890-92), Assistant Professor of Greek in the University of
Chicago (1892-96), Associate Professor (1896-1900), Professor of Greek,
1900-,
University of Chicago^ Chicago^ III.
Alexander Mitchell Carroll, 1897-98,t A.M. (Richmond College, 1888),
Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins University, 1893), Professor of Greek in Rich-
mond College, Reader in Archaeology in Johns Hopkins University, Pro»-
fessor of Latin, and Lecturer in Classical Archaeology, in Columbian
University,
Washington^ D.C.
George Henry Chase, 1896-98, A.B. (Harvard University, 1896), A.M.
(Harvard Univereity, 1897), George Griswold Van Rensselaer Fellow of
Harvard University (1896-97), John Harvard Fellow of Harvard University,
Fellow of the School (1897-98), Instructor in St. Mark's School (1899-1901),
Instructor in Latin and Greek in Harvard University, 1901-,
Cambridge, Mass.
Miss Edith Frances Claflin, 1899-1900, A.B. (Radcliffe College, 1897),
Garrett Graduate Scholar in Greek and Latin at Bryn Mawr College
(1897-98), Garrett European Fellow of Bryn Mawr College (1899-
1900),
2£, Irving Street, Cambridge, Mass.
Pbtbb Aloysius Coad, 1900-01, A.B. (Mt. St. Mary's College, 1890), A.M.
(ibid. 1892), Corporate Member of the Council of Mt. St Mary's College,
Athens, Greece.
X Absent part of the year.
60 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
Arthur Stoddard Cooley, 1897-99, A.B. (Amherst College, 1891), A.M.
(Harvard University, 1893), Ph.D. (Harvard University, 1896), Instructor
in Greek in Harvard University and in Radcliffe College (1896-97), Rogers
Fellow of Harvard University (1897-99), Professor of Greek and German in
Fairmount College (1899-1900), Master in Classics in the Allen English and
Classical School, West Newton, Mass., 1901-,
387^ Central Street^ Auburndale^ Mass.
Nicholas Evertson Crosby, 1886-87, A.B. (Columbia University, 1883), A.M.
(Columbia University, 1885), Ph.D. (Princeton University, 1893), Master in
Mr. Browning's School,
31, West 55th Street, New York, N.Y.
*JoHN M. Crow, 1882-83, A.B. (Waynesbury College, 1870), Ph.D. (Syra-
cuse University, 1880), Professor of Greek in Iowa College,
Qrinnell, la. {Died September 28, 1890.)
William Lee Gushing, 1885-87, A.B. (Yale University, 1872), A.M. (Yale
University, 1882), Rector of the Hopkins Grammar School, New Haven
(1876-85), Instructor in Latin in Yale University* (1887-88), Head Master
of the Westminster School, 1888-,
Simshwy, Conn.
Mrs. Adelb F. Dare, 1893-94, t A.B. (Christian University of Missouri, 1875),
A.M. (Christian University of Missouri, 1895), Pd.B. (State Normal School
of Colorado, 1899), Instructor in the State Normal College of Colorado (1898-
99), Superintendent of Schools in San Miguel County, Colo., 1900-,
Telluride, San Miguel Co., Colo.
Herbert Fletcher De Cou, 1891-92, 1896-99, A.B. (University of Michi-
gan, 1888), AM. (University of Michigan, 1890), Elisha Jones Fellow of
the University of Michigan, Fellow of the School (1895-97), Instructor in
Greek in the University of Michigan (1899-1900), Secretary of the School
(1900-01), Instructor in the School in Rome, 1901-,
Borne, Italy.
Sherwood Owen Dickerman, 1897-99, A.B. (Yale University, 1896), Soldiers'
Memorial Fellow of Yale University (1896-99), Instructor in Greek in Yale
University, 1899-,
New Haven, Conn.
John Edward Dinsmore, 1892-93, A.B. (Bowdoin College, 1883), Principal of
Lincoln Academy, 1893-96,
Jerusalem, Palestine.
Howard Freeman Doane, 1895-96, A.B. (Harvard University, 1878), Professor
of Greek in Doane College,
Doane College, Crete, Neb.
William Ephraim Daniel Downes, 1899-1900, A.B. (Harvard University,
1891), Ph.D. (Boston University, 1899),
3, Putnam Place, Boxbury, Mass.
Maurice Edwards Dunham, 1900-01, A.B. (Yale University, 1883), A.M. (ibid.
1886), Professor of Latin in the University of Denver (1887-89), Instructor
in the University of Colorado (1889-90), Professor of Greek in the Univer-
sity of Colorado (1890-99),
JEdgartown, Mass.
t Absent part of the year.
BULLETIN V 61
Mortimer Lamson Earle, 1887-88, A.B. (Columbia University, 1886), A.M.
(Columbia University, 1887), Ph.D. (Columbia University, 1889), Fellow in
Letters of Columbia University (1886-89), Instructor in Greek at Barnard
College (1889-95), Associate Professor of Greek in Bryn.Mawr College
(1895-98), Lecturer in Greek at Columbia University, instructing in. Bar-
nard College (1898-99), Professor of Classical Philology in Barnard Col-
lege, 1899-,
Barnard College, New York, N.Y.
William Stahl Ebersole, 1896-97, A.B. (Lebanon Valley College, 1885), A.M.
(Lebanon Valley College, 1888), Professor of Ancient Languages in Joaquin
Valley College (1885-87), Professor of Greek in Lebanon Valley College
(1887-90), Professor of Greek in Cornell College, 1892-,
Cornell College, Mt. Vernon, la.
Thomas H. Eckfeldt, 1884-85, A.B. (Wesleyan University, 1881), A.M. (Har-
vard University, 1897), Tutor of Greek in Wesleyan University (1883-84),
Principal of the Friends' Academy, New Bedford (1884-1900),
Concord School, Concord, Mass.
William Arthur Elliott, 1894-95, A.B. (Allegheny College, 1889), A.M.
(Allegheny College, 1892), Instructor in Greek in Allegheny College (1889-
92), Professor of Greek in Allegheny College, 1892-,
Allegheny College, Meadville, Pa,
Miss Ruth Emerson (Mrs. Henry Martineau Fletcher), 1896-96, A.B.
(Bryn Mawr College, 1893), Teacher of Greek in the*Brearley School,
9, Stanhope Street, Hyde Park Gardens,- London, England.
Arthur Fairbanks, 1898-99, A.B. (Dartmouth College, 1886), Ph.D. (University
of Freiburg im Breisgau, 1892), Tutor in Greek in Dartmouth College (1886-
87, 1890-92), Lecturer on Comparative Religion in Yale University (1892-
97), Instructor in Greek in Yale University (1897-98), Fellow of the School
(1898-99), Acting Assistant Professor of Ancient Philosophy in Cornell Uni-
versity (1899-1900), Professor of Greek in Iowa State University, 1900-,
Iowa City, la.
Oscar Bennett Fallis, 1893-94, A.B. (University of Kentucky, 1891), Ph.D.
(University of Munich, 1895), Professor of Archaeology in Drake University,
14i6, 25th Street, Des Moines, la.
A. F. Fleet, 1887-88, A.M., LL.D., Professor of Greek in the University of
Missouri, Superintendent of the Missouri Military Academy, Superintendent
of the Culver Military Academy,
Culver Military Academy^ Culver, Ind,
Miss Helen Currier Flint, 1894-95, A.B. (Mt. Holyoke College, 1891), Assist-
ant Professor of Greek in Mt. Holyoke College,
Mt. Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass.
Lewis Le amino Forman, 1900-01, A.M (University of Pennsylvania, 1890),
Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins University, 1894), Instructor in Greek in Cornell
University (1894-1900),
Ithaca, N. Y.
Andrew Fossum, 1890-91, A.B. (Luther College, 1882), Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins
University, 1887), Instructor in Classics in the Drisler School, N.Y. (1887-
92), Professor of Greek in St. Olaf College, 1892-,
St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minn.
62 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
Habold Nobth Fowlbr, 1882-83, A.B. (Harvard University, 1880), Ph.D. (Uni-
versity of Bonn, 1885), Instructor in Greek and Latin and in Greek Archae-
ology in Harvard University (1885-88), Professor in Phillips Exeter Academy
(1888-92), Professor of Greek in the University of Texas (1892-93), Professor
of Greek in the College for Women of Western Reserve University, 1893-,
Western Beserve University^ Cleveland^ 0.
Miss Susan Braley Franklin, 1898-99, A.B. (Bryn Mawr College, 1889),
Ph.D. (Bryn Mawr College, 1895), Fellow in Greek of Bryn Mawr Col-
lege (1889-90), Collegiate Alumnae American Fellow (1892-93), Instructor
in Latin in Vassar College (1893-97), Teacher of Greek and Latin in Miss
Baldwin's School, 1897-98, 1899-,
Bryn Mawr, Pa,
John Wesley Gilbert, 1890-91, A.B. (Brown University, 1888), A.M. (Brown
University, 1891), Professor of Greek in Payne Institute,
Payne Institute^ Augusta, Ga.
Miss Florence Alden Gragg, 1899-1900, A.B. (Radcliffe College, 1899),
Scholar of Bryn Mawr College (1899-1900),
^6, Maple Street, Cambridge, Mass.
Theodore Woolsey Heermance, 1894-96, A.B. (Yale University, 1893), Ph.D.
(Yale University, 1898), Soldiers' Memorial Fellow of Yale University
(1894-96), Tutor in Greek in Yale University (1896-99), Instructor in
Classical Archaeology in Yale University (1899-1902), Secretary of the
School,
Athens, Ghreece,
Mrs. Anne Bates Hersman, 1901-02, A.B. (Missouri State University, 1887),
Teacher of Latin in the Missouri State University (1888-89), Fellow in
Greek of the University of Chicago (1897-98), Teacher in Rockford Col-
lege (1898-99), Teacher in a High School in Chicago, 111., 1900-,
Athens, Greece,
Henry Theodore Hildreth, 1886-86, A.B. (Harvard University, 1885), Ph.D.
(Harvard University, 1895), Parker Fellow of Harvard University (1885-
88), Professor of Ancient Languages in Roanoke College,
Boanoke College, Salem, Va,
Bert Hodge Hill, 1900-03, A.B. (University of Vermont, 1895), A.M. (Colum-
bia University, 1900), Fellow of Columbia University (1898-1900), Drisler
Fellow of Columbia University (1900-01), Fellow of the School,
Athens, Greece,
Otis Shepard Hill, 1893-94, A.B. (Harvard University, 1893),
15, Boylston Hall, Cambridge, Mass,
Miss Helen Elizabeth Hoag, 1900-01, A.B. (Cornell University, 1894), Gradu-
ate Scholar in Cornell University (1894-95), Instructor in Greek in Elmira
College (1895-1900), Instructor in Mt. Holyoke College, 1901-,
Mt, Holyoke College, South Hddley, Mass,
Walter David Hopkins, 1898-99, A.B. (Cornell University, 1893),
Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass,
Joseph Clark Hoppin, 1893-97,t A.B. (Harvard University, 1893), Ph.D.
(University of Munich, 1896), Lecturer on Greek Vases at the School
X Absent part of the year.
BULLETIN V 63
(1897-98), Instructor in Archaeology in Wellesley College (1898-99),
Associate in Greek Art and Archaeology in Bryn Mawr College (1899-1901) ,
Associate Professor of Greek Art and Archaeology in Biyn Mawr Col-
lege, 1901-,
Bryn Mawr, Pa.
* W. Irving Hunt, 1889-90, A.B. (Yale University, 1886), Ph.D. (Yale Uni-
versity, 1892), Soldiers' Memorial Fellow of Yale University (1887-88,
1888-90), Tutor in Greek in Yale University (1888-89, 1890-93),
New Haven, Conn, (^Died August 25, 189S,)
George Benjamin Hdssey, 1887-88, t A.B. (Columbia University, 1884), A. M.,
Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins University, 1887), Fellow in Classical Archaeology
in Princeton University (1888-90), Instructor in Western Reserve Academy
(1890-91), Associate Professor of Classical Philology in the University
of Nebraska (1891-94), Docent in Greek in the University of Chicago,
1894-,
Unvoersity of Chicago, Chicago, HI,
Walter Woodbdrn Hyde, 1898-99, A.B. (Cornell University, 1893), Assistant
Principal and (later) Principal of Northampton High School (1896-1900),
Ithaca, N,Y,
Charles Sherman Jacobs, 1894-95, A.B. (Albion College, 1893), A.M. (Albion
College, 1894), Assistant Instructor in Greek in Albion College (1894-97),
University of Chicago, Chicago, III,
Miss Daphne Kalopothakes, 1894-96, Student of the School in Rome
(1898-99),
AthenSf Greece,
Francis Demetrius Kalopothakes, 1888-89, A.B. (Harvard University, 1888),
Ph.D. (University of Berlin, 1893), *t4>i)yf)T^s rov UapeiruTTTjfdov,
Athens, Greece.
Roland Grubb Kent, 1901-02, A.B. (Swarthmore College, 1895), B.L. (ibid,
1896), A.M. {ibid, 1898), Assistant in Lower Merion High School, Ardmore,
Pa. (1896-99),
14ili Van Buren Street, Wilmington, Del,
Miss LiDA Shaw King, 1899^1901, A.B. (Vassar College, 1890), A.M. (Brown
University, 1894), Fellow in Greek of Vassar College (1894-95), Instructor
in Latin and Greek in Vassar College (1895-97), Graduate Student at Rad-
cliffe College (1897-98), Instructor in Latin in Packer Collegiate Institute
(1898-99), Fellow in Greek of Bryn Mawr College (1899-1900), Agnes
Hoppin Memorial Fellow of the School (1900-01), Head of the Classical
Department in Packer Collegiate Institute, 1901-,
Brooklyn, N. T,
James William Kyle, 1898-99, A.B. (Denison University, 1894), Instructor in
Greek in the University of Missouri, Professor of Greek in William Jewell
College, 1901-,
Liberty, Mo.
♦Joseph McKeen Lewis, 1885-87, A.B. (Yale University, 1883), Soldiers'
Memorial Fellow of Yale University (1884-87),
New York, N, Y, (Died April 29, 1887.)
X Absent part of the year.
64 AMERICAN. SCHOOL AT ATHENS
Gonzalez Lodge, 1888-89,| A.B. (Johns Hopkins University, 1883), Ph.D. (Johns
Hopkins University, 1886), Professor of Latin in Bryn Mawr College, Pro-
fessor of Latin in the Teachers College of Columbia University, 1900-,
Columbia University, New York City,
George Dana Lord, 1895-96, A.B. (Dartmouth College, 1884), Assistant
Professor of Greek and Instructor in Greek Archaeology in Dartmouth
College,
Dartmouth College, Hanover, N,H,
Albert Morton Lythgoe, 1892-93, 1897-98, | A.B. (Harvard University,
1892), A.M. (Harvard University, 1897), Instructor in Egyptian Archae-
ology (1899),
Care of Baring Brothers & Co., London, England.
William John McMurtry, 1886-87, A.B. (Olivet College, 1881), A.M. (Uni-
versity of Michigan, 1882), Professor of Greek in Yankton College, 1887-,
Yankton College, Yankton, S.D.
William Gwathmey Manly, 1900-01, University of Virginia, A.M. (Harvard
University, 1890), Professor of Greek in Mercer University (1886-90), Pro-
fessor of Greek in the University of Missouri, 1890-,
Columbia, Mo.
Clarence Linton Meader, 1892-93, A.B. (University of Michigan, 1891),
Elisha Jones Fellow of the University of Michigan, Instructor in Latin
in the University of Michigan, Fellow of the School in Rome (1897-98),
Ph.D. (University of Michigan, 1900), Instructor in the University of
Michigan, 1899-,
Ann Arbor, Mich.
John Moffatt Mecklin, 1899-1900, A.B. (Southwestern Presbyterian Univer-
sity, 1890), A.M. {ibid. 1892), Ph.D. (University of Leipzig, 1899).
Frederic Elder Metzger, 1891-92, A.B. (Pennsylvania College, 1888), A.M.
(Pennsylvania College, 1891), Professor of Latin and Greek in Maryland
College for Young Ladies, 1895-,
Lutherville, Md.
Walter Miller, 1885-86, A.B. (University of Michigan, 1884), A.M. (Uni-
versity of Michigan), Associate Professor of Latin in Leland Stanford
Junior University (1892-93), Professor of Archaeology (ibid. 1893-95),
Professor of Classical Philology in the Leland Stanford Junior University,
1895-1902, Professor in Tulane University, 1902-,
Tulane University, New Orleans, La.
Sidney Nelson Morse, 1898-99, A.B. (Yale University, 1890), Instructor in
Greek in Williston Seminary, 1890-,
Easthampton, Mass.
Barker Newhall, 1891-92, A.B. (Haverford College, 1887), A.M. (Haverford
College, 1890), Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins University, 1891), Fellow in Greek in
Johns Hopkins University (1890-91), Instructor in Greek in Brov^ Uni-
versity (1892-95), Professor of Greek in Kenyon College, 1897-,
Kenyon College, Gambier, 0.
Miss Hester Dean Nichols, 1898-99, A.B. (Wellesley College, 1884), A.M.
(Wellesley College, 1898), Substitute Instructor in Greek in the John B.
t Absent part of the year.
BULLETIN V 65
Stetson University (1900-01), Teacher of Latin and Greek in the Westfield
High School, 1901-,
Westfield, N, J.
.Miss May Louise Nichols, 1897-99, A.B. (Smith College, 1888), A.M. (Smith
College, 1898), Fellow of the School (1897-98), Agnes Hoppin Memorial
Fellow of the School (1898-99), Instructor in Greek in Vassar College (1899-
1901), Instructor in Art in Miss Porter's School, 1901-,
Farmington, Conn,
Miss Emily Norcross, 1888-89, A.B. (Wellesley College, 1880), A.M. (Welles-
ley College, 1884), Assistant in Latin in Smith College,
Smith College, Northampton, Mass,
Richard Norton, 1892-94, A.B. (Harvard University, 1892), Instructor in
Archaeology in Bryn Mawr College (1895-97), Professor in the American
School of Classical Studies in Rome (1897-99), Director of the School in
Rome, 1899-,
American School of Classical Studies, Home, Italy,
John Bartholomew O'Connor, 1901-02, A.B. (Rochester University, 1898),
Teacher in the Bradstreet School,
Bochester, N,T.
Miss Marion Edwards Park, 1901-02, A.B. (Bryn Mawr College, 1898), A.M.
{ibid, 1899), European Fellow of Bryn Mawr College (1898-99),
Gloversville, N,Y,
Rev. Richard Parsons, 1893-94, A.B. (Ohio Wesleyan University, 1868), A.M.
(Ohio Wesleyan University, 1871), Professor of Greek in Ohio Wesleyan
Univei-sity,
Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, 0,
James Morton Pa ton, 1892-93, A.B. (New York University, 1883; Harvard
University, 1884), Ph.D. (University of Bonn, 1894), Rogers Fellow of
Harvard University (1892-93), Professor of Latin in Middlebury College
(1887-91), Instructor in Wesleyan University (1896-98), Associate Professor
of Greek in Wesleyan University, 1898-,
Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.
Charles Peabody, 1893-94, 1896-97, A.B. (University of Pennsylvania, 1889),
A.M. (Harvard University, 1890), Ph.D. (Harvard University, 1893),
Brattle Street, Cambridge, Mass,
Miss Annie S. Peck, 1885-86, A.B. (University of Michigan, 1878), A.M.
(University of Michigan, 1881), Professor of Latin in Purdue University
(1881-83), Teacher of Latin in Smith College (1886-87), Lecturer on
Archaeology, etc., 1887-,
Boston, Mass.
♦Miss Anna Louise Perry (Mrs. Durand), 1896-97, A.B. (Cornell University,
1894), Instructor in Classics in Northfield Seminary (1897-99),
Ithaca, N. Y. (Died June It, 1901.)
Edward E. Phillips, 1893-94, A.B. (Harvard University, 1878), Ph.D. and
A.M. (Harvard University, 1880), Parker Fellow in Harvard University
(1882-84), Tutor in Greek and Latin in Harvard University (1880-82),
Professor of Greek and Ancient Philosophy in Marietta College (1884-95),
Professor of Philosophy in Marietta College, 1895-,
Manetta College, Marietta, 0,
66 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
John Pickard, 1890-91, A.B. (Dartmouth College, 1883), A.M. (Dartmouth
College, 1886), Ph.D. (University of Munich, 1892), Professor of Archae-
ology in the University of Missouri,
University of Missowi, Columbia, Mo.
Benjamin Powell, 1899-1901, A.B. (Cornell University, 1896), A.M. (Cornell
University, 1898), Graduate Scholar and Fellow of Cornell University
(1897-99), Fellow of the School (1899-1901),
Seneca Falls, N. Y,
Allen Putzker, 1899^1900, A.M. (Knox College), Prof essor of German in the
University of California,
Berkeley, Cal.
Rev. Daniel Qdinn, 1887-89, 1900-02, A.B. (Mt. St. Mary's College, 1883),
Ph.D. (University of Athens, 1893), Professor of Greek in the Catholic
University of America,
Athens, Greece.
Miss Nellie Marie Reed, 1895-96, A.B. (Cornell University, 1895), Teacher
of Classics in the Packer Institute, 1896-,
Packer Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y.
♦George Morey Richardson, 1896, A.B. (Harvard University, 1882), Ph.D.
(University of Leipzig, 1886), Instructor in Latin in Harvard University,
Professor in the University of California,
Berkeley, Cal. {Died in Athens, December 11, 1896.)
David Moore Robinson, 1901-03, A.B. (University of Chicago, 1898), Graduate
Scholar in Greek in the University of Chicago (1898-99), Fellow ibid.
(1899-1901), Instructor in Greek and German at Steams Academy,
Chicago, 111. (1899-1900), Fellow of the School,
Athens, Greece.
Miss Constance Robinson, 1899-1900,1 A.B. (Bryn Mawr College, 1898),
Providence, R.I.
James Dennison Rogers, 1894-95, A.B. (Hamilton College, 1889), A.M. (Co-
lumbia University, 1893), Ph.D. (Columbia University, 1894), Assistant in
Greek in Columbia University (1896-1900), Lecturer in Greek ibid. 1900-,
Columbia University, New York, N.Y.
John Carew Rolfe, 1888-89, A.B. (Harvard University, 1881), A.M. (Cornell
University, 1884), Ph.D. (Cornell University, 1885), Instructor in Latin in
Westminster College, Pa. (1881-82), Instructor in Latin in Cornell Uni-
versity (1883-85), Instructor in Greek and Latin in Harvard University
(1889-90), Professor of Latin in the University of Michigan (1890-1902),
Professor of Latin in the University of Pennsylvania, 1902-,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
Joshua Montgomery Sears, Jr., 1899-1901, J A.B. (Harvard University, 1900),
Boston, Mass.
William James Seelye, 1886-87, A.B. (Amherst College, 1879), A.M. (Am-
herst College, 1882), Instructor in Amherst College (1887-88), Professor in
Parsons College (1889-91), Professor of Greek in Wooster University,
1891-,
Wooster University, Wooster, 0.
X Absent part of the year.
BULLETIN V 67
John P. Shellby, 1889-90, A.B. (Findlay University, 1889), Professor in
Grove College,
Grove City, Fa.
Paul Shore y, 1882-83, A.B. (Harvard University, 1878), Ph.D. (University of
Munich, 1884), Kirkland Fellow of Harvard University, Professor of Greek in
Bryn Mawr College, Professor of Greek in the University of Chicago, Pro-
fessor in the School, 1901-02,
Athens, Greece,
Miss Emily E. Slater (Mrs. George B. Rogers), 1888-89, A.B. (Wellesley
College, 1888), until 1896 Professor of Greek in Mt. Holyoke College,
Exeter, N,H.
J. R. SiTLiNGTON Sterrett, 1882-83, Ph.D. (University of Munich, 1880),
LL.D. (University of Aberdeen, 1902), Secretary of the School (1883-84),
Professor of Greek in Miami University (1886-88), Professor of Greek in
the University of Texas (1888-92), Professor in the School (1896-97), Pro-
fessor of Greek in Amherst College (1892-1901), Professor of Greek in Cornell
University, 1901-,
Ithaca, N, Y,
Mary Greenleap Stevens, 1899-1900, t A.B. (Vassar College, 1883), A.M.
(Vassar College, 1899), Teacher in the Lowell High School, 1900-,
Lowell, Mass.
Miss Kate L. Strong (Mrs. Charles Granville Sewall), 1893-94,J A.B.
(Vassar College, 1891),
Borne, N. Y,
DuANE Reed Stdart, 1898-99, A.B. (University of Michigan, 1896), Elisha
Jones Fellow of the University of Michigan, Assistant in Latin in the
University of Michigan (1896-97), Acting Professor of Latin and Greek
in the Michigan Normal College (1899-1900), Instructor in Latin in the
University of Michigan, 1900-,
Ann Arbor, Mich.
Franklin H. Taylor, 1882-83, A.B. (Wesleyan University, 1884), Tutor in Greek
in Wesleyan University (1886-91), Master in St. Paul's School, Concord,
Instructor in Classics in the Hartford High School,
Hartford High School, Hartford, Conn.
Miss Ida Carleton Thallon, 1899-1901, A.B. (Vassar College, 1897), A.M.
(ibid. 1901), Instructor in Greek in Vassar College, 1901-,
Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
Oliver Joseph Thatcher, 1887-88, A.B. (Wilmington College, 1878), D.B.
(Union Theological Seminary, 1886), Professor in Allegheny Theological
Seminary, Associate Professor of History in the University of Chicago,
University of Chicago, Chicago, Til.
Oliver Samuel Tonks, 1901-02, A;B. (Harvard University, 1898), A.M. {ibid.
1899), Holder of the Charles Eliot Norton Fellowship in Greek Studies, 1901,
Maiden, Mass.
S. B. P. Trowbridge, 1886-88, A.B. (Trinity College, 1883), Ph.B. (Columbia
University, 1886), M.A. (Trinity College, 1893), Architect,
287, Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y.
X Absent part of the year.
68 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
♦James Tucker, Jr., 1898-99, A.B. (Brown University, 1897), Fellow of the
School (1899-1900),
Providence, B.L (Drowned in the Nile, March 24-, 1900.)
Miss Florence S. Tuckbrman, 1893-94, | A.B. (Smith College, 1886), Instructor
in New Lyme Institute (1886-93), Instructor in the Rayen School, 1894-,
100, West Wood Street, Youngstown, 0,
La Rue Van Hook, 1901-02, A.B. (University of Michigan, 1899), Fellow in
Greek in the University of Chicago (1899-1902),
653, East 57th Street, Chicago, TIL
Charles St. Clair Wade, 1901-02, A.B. (Tufts College, 1894), A.M. (ibid.
1895), Instructor in French in Tufts College (1894-96), Instructor in Greek,
ibid, (1896-1901), Professor of Greek, ibid,,
Tufts College, Mass,
Miss Alice Walton, 1896-96, A.B. (Smith College, 1887), Ph.D. (Cornell
University, 1892), McGraw Fellow of Cornell University (1891-92), Euro-
pean Fellow of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae (1892-93), Instructor
in Archaeology in Wellesley College, 1896-,
Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass.
Henry Stephens Washington, 1888-94, J A.B. (Yale University, 1886), A.M.
(Yale University, 1888), Ph.D. (University of Leipzig, 1893), Assistant in
Mineralogy in Yale University (1895-96),
Locust P.O., Monmouth Co., N.J.
Miss Laura E. Watson, 1899-1900, Graduate of Mt. Holyoke Seminary (1871),
A.B. (University of Bloomington, 1886), A.M. (ibid. 1887), Principal of
Abbott Academy, Andover (1892-98),
Care Bev. Dr. Kalopothakes, Athens, Greece.
Charles Heald Weller, 1900-01, A.B. (Yale University, 1895), Fellow of the
School (1900-01), Rector of the Hopkins Grammar School, 1901 -,
New Haven, Conn.
James R. Wheeler, 1882-83, A.B. (University of Vermont, 1880), Ph.D.
(Harvard University, 1885), Instructor in Greek and Latin in Harvard
University, Professor of Greek in the University of Vermont, Professor in
the School (1892-93), Professor of Greek in Columbia University, 1895-,
Columbia University, New York, NY.
Alexander M. Wilcox, 1883-84, A.B. (Yale University, 1877), Ph.D. (Yale
University, 1880), Professor of Greek in the University of Kansas,
University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan.
Miss Gwendolen Brown Willis, 1901-02, A.B. (University of Chicago, 1896),
941t Lake Avenue, Bacine, Wis.
Frank E. Woodruff, 1882-834 A.B. (University of Vermont, 1875), D.B.
(Union Theological Seminary, 1881), Fellow of the Union Theological
Seminary, Professor of Greek in Andover Theological Seminary, Professor
of Greek in Bowdoin College,
Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me.
Theodore L. Wright, 1886-87, A.B. (Beloit College, 1880), A.M. (Harvard
University, 1884), Professor of Greek in Beloit College,
Beloit College, Beloit, Wis.
X Absent part of the year.
BULLETIN V 69
Clarence Hoffman Young, 1891-92, A.B. (Columbia University, 1888), A.M.
(Columbia "University, 1889), Ph.D. (Columbia University, 1891), Fellow in
Greek of Columbia University (1888-91), Instructor in Greek in Columbia
University (1892-1901), Adjunct Professor in Greek, ibid. 1901-,
Columbia University ^ New York, N.Y,
Note. — The Chairman of the Managing Committee desires to be informed of any
changes of address or of title of the former members of the School.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL
STUDIES AT ATHENS
I
1881-1897
Annual Reports
Reports I-XV. (1881-96.) The first three Reports are bound in one pamphlet ; the
fifth and sixth also are published together. Each, $0.25.
! Papers of the School
i Vol. I. (For 1882-83.) 1. Inscriptions of Assos. ByJ. R. S. Sterrett. 2. Inscrip-
tions of Tralleis. By the same Author. 3. The Theatre of Dionysus. By
James R. Wheblrr. 4. The Olympieion at Athens. By Louis Bevibr.
I 6. The Erechtheion at Athens. By Harold N. Fowler. 6. The Battle
of Salamis. By W. W. Gtoodwin. Published in 1885. 8vo. Pp. viii,
262. Boards. Illustrated. $2.00.
Vol. II. (For 1883-84.) An Epigraphical Journey in Asia Minor in 1884. By J. R.
SiTLiNGTON Sterrett, with Inscriptions, and two new Maps by
H. KiEPERT. Published in 1888. 8vo. Pp. 344. Boards. $2.50.
Vol. III. (For 1884-85.) The Wolfe Expedition to Asia Minor in 1885. By J. R. SiT-
LiNGTON Sterrett, with Inscriptions mostly hitherto unpublished, and
two new Maps by H. Kibpert. Published in 1888. 8vo. Pp. 448.
Boards. $2.50.
Vol. IV. (For 1885-86.) 1. The Theatre of Thoricus, Prelimhiary Report. By Wal-
ter Miller. 2. The Theatre of Thoricus, Supplementary Report. By
William L. Gushing. 3. On Greek Versification in Inscriptions. By
Frederic D. Allen. 4. The Athenian Pnyx. By John M. Crow;
with a Survey of the Pnyx, and Notes, by Joseph Thacher Clarke.
j 5. Notes on Attic Vocalism. By J. McKeen Lewis. Published in 1888.
8vo. Pp. 277. Illustrated. Boards. $2.00.
Vol. V. (For 1886-90.) 1. Excavations at the Theatre of Sikyon. By W. J.
McMurtrt and M. L. Earle. 2. Discoveries in the Attic Deme of Ikaria.
By C. D. Buck. 3. Greek Sculptured Crowns and Crown Inscriptions.
By George B. Hussey. 4. The Newly Discovered Head of Iris from the
Frieze of the Parthenon. By Charles Waldstein. 6. The Decrees
of the Demotionidai. By F. B. Tare ell. 6. Report on Excavations
near Stamata in Attika. By C. Waldstein and F. B. Tarbell.
7. Discoveries at Anthedon in 1889. By J. C. Rolfe, C. D. Buck, and
F. B. Tarbell. 8. Discoveries at Thisbe in 1889. By J. C. Rolfe and
F. B. Tarbell. 9. Discoveries in Plataia in 1889. By same. 10. An
Inscribed Tombstone from Boiotia. By J. C. Rolfe. 11. Discoveries at
Plataia in 1890. By C. Waldstein, H. S. Washington, and W. I.
Hunt. 12. The Mantineian Reliefs. By Charles Waldstein. 13. A
Greek Fragment of the Edict of Diocletian from Plataia. By Professor
Theodor Mommsen. 14. Appendix. By A. C. Merriam. Published
1892. 8vo. Pp.314. Boards. Illustrated. $2.50.
Vol. VI. (For 1890-97.) 1. Papers supplementary to Vol. V. [a] Excavations in the
Theatre at Sicyon in 1891. By Mortimer Lamson Earle. [b] Further
Excavations in the Theatre at Sicyon in 1891. By Carleton L. Brown-
son and Clarence H. Young, [c] Discoveries at Plataea in 1890: Vo-
tive Inscription. By R. B. Richardson, [d] Discoveries at Plataea in
1891 : A Temple of Archaic Plan. By Henry S. Washington. 2. Ex-
cavations and Discoveries at Eretria, 1891-1895. [a] Introductory Note.
By Charles Waldstein. [6] Eretria: A Historical Sketch. By R. B.
Richardson, [c] Inscriptions, 1891. By R. B. Richardson, [d] The
Theatre, 1891 : The Stage Building. By Andrew Fossum. Cavea, Or-
chestra, and Underground Passage. By Carleton L. Brownson.
1
Papers of the School (^continued)
[e] Eretria : A Topographical Study. By John Pickakd. [/] A Tem-
ple in Eretria (1894). By R. B. Richardson, [g] The Theatre, 1894.
By Edward Capps. [h] The Theatre, 1895. By T. VV. Heermance.
[i] Fragment of a Dated Panathenaic Amphora. By T. W. Heermance.
[k] The Gymnasium, 1895. By R. B. Richardson. [l\ Inscriptions,
1895. By R. B. Richardson and T. W. Heermance. 3. Excavations
at Sparta, 1893. Reports. By Charles Waldstbin and C. L. Meadeb.
4. Excavations and Discoveries at the Argive Heraeum, 1892-1895.
[a] Excavations in 1892. By Carleton L. Brownson. [6] Sculptures.
By Charles Waldstein. [c] A Head of Polycletan Style (1894). By
Charles Waldstein. [d] Stamped Tiles. By R. B. Richardson.
[e] Inscriptions. By J. R. Wheeler and R. B. Richardson. 5. Mis-
cellaneous Papers, [a] The Relation of the Archaic Pediment-Reliefs of
the Acropolis to Vase Painting. By Carleton L. Brownson. [6] The
Frieze of the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates at Athens. By Herbert
F. De Cou. [c] Dionysus iv ACfivaif. By John Pickard. [d] A Se-
pulchral Inscription from Athens. By William Carey Poland.
[e] A Torso from Daphne. By R. B. Richardson. [/] A Sacrificial
Calendar from the Epakria. By R. B. Richardson, [g] The Chorus
in the Later Greek Drama, with Reference to the Stage-Question. By
Edward Capps. [h] Grave-Monuments from Athens. By Thomas
DwiGHT GooDELL and T. W. Heermance. Published in 1897. 8vo.
Pp. viii, 446. Boards. Illustrated. $3.00.
Note. —The Papers in "Vols. V and VI bad previously appeared in the American Journal
qf Archaeology, First Series, Vols. V-XI.
Bulletins and Other Reports
Bulletin I. Report of Professor W. W. Goodwin, Director of the School in 1882-
83. (1883.) $0.25.
Bulletin H. Memoir of Professor Lewis R. Packard, Director of the School in 1883-
84, with the Resolutions of the Committee and a Report for 1883-84.
(1885.) $0.25. ^
Bulletin III. Excavations at the Heraion of Argos. By Dr. Charles Waldstein.
8 Plates. (1892.) $3.00.
Bulletin IV. Report of Professor John Williams White, Professor of the Greek Lan-
guage and Literature at the School in 1893-94. $0.25.
Bulletin V. The First Twenty Years of the School at Athens. By Professor Thomas
Day Seymour. (1902.) Illustrated. With Appendix. $0.25.
Preliminary Report of an Archaeological Journey made through Asia Minor during
the Summer of 1884. By Dr. J. R. S. Sterrett. $0.25.
1897-1902
Annual Reports and Papers of the School
Since 1897 the Annual Reports and Papers of the School have been published in the
Journal of the Archaeological Institute of America (American Journal
of Archaeology f Second Series) :
Vol. I. (1897.) No. 2. Sixteenth Annual Report, 1896-97. Pp. 91-122. With
Appendix.
Nob. 4, 5. Pre-Mycenaean Graves at Corinth. By T. W. Heermance and
G. D. Lord. Pp. 313-322. 20 Illustrations in text.
No. 6. Excavations in Corinth, 1896. By R. B. Richardson. Pp. 455-480.
4 Illustrations in text. Plates XIV-XVII. The Theatre at Corinth.
By F. C. Babbitt. Pp. 481-494. 3 Illustrations in text. Plates XVIII-
XXIV. A Roman Building at Corinth. By H. F. De Cou. Pp. 495-606.
Plates XXV, XXVI.
2
Annual Reports and Papers off the School (^continued)
Vol. n. (1898.) Hot. 8, 4. Terra-cotta Reliefs from the Argive Heraenm. By
C. Waldsteix and J. C. Hoppin. Pp. 173-186. Plates I, II. The
EUkyklema in the Eretrian Theatre. By A. Fossum. Pp. 187-19#.
3 Illustrations in text. Plates III-V. An Old Corinthian Vase from
Corinth; Terra-cotta Figurines from Corinth; A Trace of Egypt in
Eleusis; and the Excavations at Corinth in 1898: Preliminary Report.
By R. B. Richardson. Pp. 195-236. 35 Illustrations in text. Plates
VI-XI.
Ho. 6. Seventeenth Annual Report, 1897-98. Pp. 479-503. 1 Illustration in
text. With Appendix.
Vol. ni. (1899.) Ho. 1. An Attic Lease Inscription. By G. D. Lord. Pp. 44-53.
Plate I.
Hoi. 4, 5. Athena Polias on the Acropolis of Athens. By A. S. Coolet.
Pp. 345-408. 3 Illustrations in text. The Metopes of the West End of
the Parthenon. By W. S. Ebbrsolb. Pp. 409-432. 14 Illustrations in
text. Plates V, VI.
Ho. 6. Eighteenth Annual Report, 1898-99. Pp. 667-686. 1 Blustration in
text. With Appendix.
Vol. IV. (1900.) Ho. 2. Pirene. I. Before the excavations of 1899; n. At the
Close of the Excavations of 1899. By R. B. Richardson. Pp. 204-239.
14 Illustrations in text.
Ho. 4. The Fountain of Glauce at Corinth. By R. B. Richardson. Pp. 458-
475. 6 Illustrations in text. Plate VII.
Supplement. Nineteenth Annual Report, 1899-1900. Pp. 8-27. 1 Illustration
in text. Plates I-IV. With Appendix.
Vol. V. (1901.) No. 2. Excavations at Kavousi, Crete, in 1900. By Harribt A.
Boyd. Pp. 125-157. 12 Illustrations in text. Plates I-V. Fragment of
an Archaic Argive Inscription. By J. D. Rogers. Pp. 159-174. 2 Illus-
trations in text.
Supplement. Twentieth Annual Report, 1900-01. Pp. 13-32. Plates I-III.
With Appendix.
Vol. VI. (1902.) No. 1. A Series of Colossal Statues at Corinth. By R. B. Rich-
ardson. Pp. 7-22. 10 Illustrations in text. Plates I- VI.
Ho. 8. An Ancient Fountain in the Agora at Corinth. By R. B. Richardson.
Pp. 306-320. 5 Illustrations in text. Plates VII-X. The 'Yiraidpo? lep^io,
of Pirene. By R. B. Richardson. Pp. 321-.326. Plates XI, XII. The
Origin of the Red-Figured Technique in Attic Vases. By M. Louisb
Nichols. Pp. 327-337.
The Argive Heraeum. Published for the Institute and the School at Athens.
The Argive Heraeum. By Charles Waldstbin, with the cooperation of G. H.
Chase, H. F. De Cocr, T. W. Heermance, J. C. Hoppin, A. M. Lythgoe,
R. Norton, R. B. Richardson, E. L. Tilton, H. S. Washington, and J. R.
Wheeler. In two volumes. Vol. I. General Introduction, Geology, Archi-
tecture, Marble Statuary, and Inscriptions. I^arge quarto. Pp. 2.31. 90 Illus-
trations, besides many facsimiles, in the text. Frontispiece and Plates I-XLII.
Boston and New York : Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1902. S30.00 for the two
volumes, in cloth; 3W.00, in full morocco (^20.00, in cloth, for members of
the Institute and of the Managing Committee; $44.00, in full morocco).
«% All the publications of the School, except The Argive Heraeum, may be procured
through Macmillan & Co., 66, Fifth Avenue, New York City. The Argive Heraeum
maybe procured through Professor T. D. Seymour, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.,
or through the Publishers.
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